mod_particle_base.t

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!> Module with shared functionality for all the particle movers
module mod_particle_base
  use mod_global_parameters, only: name_len, std_len
  use mod_physics
  use mod_random
  use mod_constants
  use mod_comm_lib, only: mpistop
 
  !> Normalization factor for velocity in the integrator
  double precision                        :: integrator_velocity_factor(3)
  !> Time limit of particles
  double precision        :: tmax_particles
  !> Minimum time of all particles
  double precision        :: min_particle_time
  !> Time interval to save particles
  double precision        :: dtsave_particles
  !> If positive, a constant time step for the particles
  double precision        :: const_dt_particles
  !> Particle CFL safety factor
  double precision        :: particles_cfl
  !> Time to write next particle output
  double precision        :: t_next_output
  !> Resistivity
  double precision        :: particles_eta, particles_etah
  double precision        :: dtheta
  !> Particle downsampling factor in CSV output
  integer                 :: downsample_particles
  !> Maximum number of particles
  integer                 :: nparticleshi
  !> Maximum number of particles in one processor
  integer                 :: nparticles_per_cpu_hi
  !> Number of default payload variables for a particle
  integer                 :: ndefpayload
  !> Number of user-defined payload variables for a particle
  integer                 :: nusrpayload
  !> Number of total payload variables for a particle
  integer                 :: npayload
  !> Number of variables for grid field
  integer                 :: ngridvars
  !> Number of particles
  integer                 :: num_particles
  !> Identity number and total number of particles
  integer                 :: nparticles
  !> Iteration number of paritcles
  integer                 :: it_particles
  !> Output count for ensembles of destroyed particles
  integer                 :: n_output_destroyed
 
  ! these two save the list of neighboring cpus:
  integer, allocatable :: ipe_neighbor(:)
  integer                                 :: npe_neighbors
 
  integer                                 :: type_particle
  !> set the current igrid for the particle integrator:
  integer                                :: igrid_working
  !> set the current ipart for the particle integrator:
  integer                                :: ipart_working
 
  integer, parameter                      :: unitparticles=15
 
  !> Array of identity numbers of particles in current processor
  integer, dimension(:), allocatable      :: particles_on_mype
  !> Array of identity numbers of active particles in current processor
  integer, dimension(:), allocatable      :: particles_active_on_mype
  !> Number of particles in current processor
  integer                                 :: nparticles_on_mype
  !> Number of active particles in current processor
  integer                                 :: nparticles_active_on_mype
  !> Integrator to be used for particles
  integer                                 :: integrator
 
  !> Variable index for magnetic field
  integer, allocatable :: bp(:)
  !> Variable index for electric field
  integer, allocatable :: ep(:)
  !> Variable index for fluid velocity
  integer, allocatable :: vp(:)
  !> Variable index for current
  integer, allocatable :: jp(:)
  !> Variable index for density
  integer :: rhop
  !> Use a relativistic particle mover?
  logical                 :: relativistic
  !> Whether to write individual particle output (followed particles)
  logical                 :: write_individual
  !> Whether to write ensemble output
  logical                 :: write_ensemble
  !> Whether to write particle snapshots
  logical                 :: write_snapshot
  logical                 :: losses
  !> String describing the particle interpolation type
  character(len=name_len) :: interp_type_particles = ""
  !> String describing the particle physics type
  character(len=name_len) :: physics_type_particles = ""
  !> String describing the particle integrator type
  character(len=name_len) :: integrator_type_particles = ""
  !> Header string used in CSV files
  character(len=400)      :: csv_header
  !> Format string used in CSV files
  character(len=60)       :: csv_format
 
  type particle_ptr
    type(particle_t), pointer         :: self
    !> extra information carried by the particle
    double precision, allocatable        :: payload(:)
    integer                              :: igrid, ipe
  end type particle_ptr
 
  type particle_t
    !> follow the history of the particle
    logical          :: follow
    !> identity number
    integer          :: index
    !> charge
    double precision :: q
    !> mass
    double precision :: m
    !> time
    double precision :: time
    !> time step
    double precision :: dt
    !> coordinates
    double precision :: x(3)
    !> velocity, momentum, or special ones
    double precision :: u(3)
  end type particle_t
 
  ! Array containing all particles
  type(particle_ptr), dimension(:), allocatable  :: particle
 
  ! The pseudo-random number generator
  type(rng_t) :: rng
 
  ! Pointers for user-defined stuff
  procedure(sub_fill_gridvars), pointer              :: particles_fill_gridvars => null()
  procedure(sub_define_additional_gridvars), pointer :: particles_define_additional_gridvars => null()
  procedure(sub_fill_additional_gridvars), pointer   :: particles_fill_additional_gridvars => null()
  procedure(sub_integrate), pointer                  :: particles_integrate => null()
  procedure(fun_destroy), pointer                    :: usr_destroy_particle => null()
 
  abstract interface
 
    subroutine sub_fill_gridvars
    end subroutine sub_fill_gridvars
 
    subroutine sub_define_additional_gridvars(ngridvars)
      integer, intent(inout) :: ngridvars
    end subroutine sub_define_additional_gridvars
 
    subroutine sub_fill_additional_gridvars
    end subroutine sub_fill_additional_gridvars
 
    subroutine sub_integrate(end_time)
      double precision, intent(in) :: end_time
    end subroutine sub_integrate
 
    function fun_destroy(myparticle)
      import particle_ptr
      logical                         :: fun_destroy
      type(particle_ptr), intent(in)    :: myparticle
    end function fun_destroy
 
  end interface
 
contains
 
  !> Finalize the particles module
  subroutine particles_finish()
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    call destroy_particles(nparticles_on_mype,particles_on_mype(1:nparticles_on_mype))
 
    ! Clean up particle type
    call mpi_type_free(type_particle,ierrmpi)
 
    ! Clean up variables
    deallocate(particle)
    deallocate(ipe_neighbor)
    deallocate(particles_on_mype)
    deallocate(particles_active_on_mype)
    deallocate(gridvars)
 
  end subroutine particles_finish
 
  !> Read this module's parameters from a file
  subroutine particles_params_read(files)
    use mod_global_parameters, only: unitpar
    character(len=*), intent(in) :: files(:)
    integer                      :: n
 
    namelist /particles_list/ physics_type_particles, nparticleshi, nparticles_per_cpu_hi, &
                              write_individual, write_ensemble, write_snapshot, &
                              downsample_particles, dtsave_particles, tmax_particles, &
                              num_particles, ndefpayload, nusrpayload, &
                              losses, const_dt_particles, particles_cfl, dtheta, &
                              relativistic, integrator_type_particles, particles_eta, particles_etah, &
                              interp_type_particles
 
    do n = 1, size(files)
      open(unitpar, file=trim(files(n)), status="old")
      read(unitpar, particles_list, end=111)
111   close(unitpar)
    end do
 
  end subroutine particles_params_read
 
  !> Give initial values to parameters
  subroutine particle_base_init()
    use mod_global_parameters
    integer            :: n
    integer, parameter :: i8 = selected_int_kind(18)
    integer(i8)        :: seed(2)
    integer            :: idir
    character(len=20)  :: strdata
 
    physics_type_particles    = 'advect'
    nparticleshi              = 10000000
    nparticles_per_cpu_hi     = 1000000
    num_particles             = 1000
    ndefpayload               = 1
    nusrpayload               = 0
    tmax_particles            = bigdouble
    dtsave_particles          = bigdouble
    const_dt_particles        = -bigdouble
    particles_cfl             = 0.5
    write_individual          = .true.
    write_ensemble            = .true.
    write_snapshot            = .true.
    downsample_particles      = 1
    relativistic              = .false.
    particles_eta             = -1.d0
    particles_etah            = -1.d0
    t_next_output             = 0.0d0
    dtheta                    = 2.0d0*dpi / 60.0d0
    losses                    = .false.
    nparticles                = 0
    it_particles              = 0
    n_output_destroyed        = 0
    nparticles_on_mype        = 0
    nparticles_active_on_mype = 0
    integrator_velocity_factor(:) = 1.0d0
    integrator_type_particles = 'Boris'
    interp_type_particles = 'default'
 
    call particles_params_read(par_files)
 
    ! If sampling, ndefpayload = nw:
    if (physics_type_particles == 'sample') ndefpayload = nw
    ! Total number of payloads
    npayload = ndefpayload + nusrpayload
 
    ! initialise the random number generator
    seed = [310952_i8, 8948923749821_i8]
    call rng%set_seed(seed)
 
    allocate(particle(1:nparticleshi))
    allocate(ipe_neighbor(0:npe-1))
    allocate(particles_on_mype(nparticles_per_cpu_hi))
    allocate(particles_active_on_mype(nparticles_per_cpu_hi))
 
    particles_on_mype(:) = 0
    particles_active_on_mype(:) = 0
 
    ! Generate header for CSV files
    csv_header = ' time, dt, x1, x2, x3, u1, u2, u3,'
    ! If sampling, name the payloads like the fluid quantities
    if (physics_type_particles == 'sample') then
      do n = 1, nw
        write(strdata,"(a,a,a)") ' ', trim(prim_wnames(n)), ','
        csv_header = trim(csv_header) // trim(strdata)
      end do
    else ! Otherwise, payloads are called pl01, pl02, ...
      do n = 1, ndefpayload
        write(strdata,"(a,i2.2,a)") ' pl', n, ','
        csv_header = trim(csv_header) // trim(strdata)
      end do
    end if
    ! User-defined payloads are called usrpl01, usrpl02, ...
    if (nusrpayload > 0) then
      do n = 1, nusrpayload
        write(strdata,"(a,i2.2,a)") ' usrpl', n, ','
        csv_header = trim(csv_header) // trim(strdata)
      end do
    end if
    csv_header = trim(csv_header) // ' ipe, iteration, index'
 
    ! Generate format string for CSV files
    write(csv_format, '(A,I0,A,A)') '(', 8 + npayload, '(es14.6,", ")', &
         'i8.7,", ",i11.10,", ",i8.7)'
 
  end subroutine particle_base_init
 
  !> Initialize communicators for particles
  subroutine init_particles_com()
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer :: oldtypes(0:7), offsets(0:7), blocklengths(0:7)
 
    oldtypes(0) = mpi_logical
    oldtypes(1) = mpi_integer
    oldtypes(2:7) = mpi_double_precision
 
    blocklengths(0:5)=1
    blocklengths(6)=3
    blocklengths(7)=3
 
    offsets(0) = 0
    offsets(1) = size_logical * blocklengths(0)
    offsets(2) = offsets(1) + size_int * blocklengths(1)
    offsets(3) = offsets(2) + size_double * blocklengths(2)
    offsets(4) = offsets(3) + size_double * blocklengths(3)
    offsets(5) = offsets(4) + size_double * blocklengths(4)
    offsets(6) = offsets(5) + size_double * blocklengths(5)
    offsets(7) = offsets(6) + size_double * blocklengths(6)
 
    call mpi_type_struct(8,blocklengths,offsets,oldtypes,type_particle,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_type_commit(type_particle,ierrmpi)
 
  end subroutine init_particles_com
 
  subroutine get_maxwellian_velocity(v, velocity)
    double precision, intent(out) :: v(3)
    double precision, intent(in)  :: velocity
    double precision              :: vtmp(3), vnorm
 
    vtmp(1) = velocity * rng%normal()
    vtmp(2) = velocity * rng%normal()
    vtmp(3) = velocity * rng%normal()
    vnorm   = norm2(vtmp)
    v       = rng%sphere(vnorm)
  end subroutine get_maxwellian_velocity
 
  subroutine get_uniform_pos(x)
    use mod_global_parameters
    double precision, intent(out) :: x(3)
 
    call rng%unif_01_vec(x)
 
    {^d&x(^d) = xprobmin^d + x(^d) * (xprobmax^d - xprobmin^d)\}
    x(ndim+1:) = 0.0d0
  end subroutine get_uniform_pos
 
  !> Initialize grid variables for particles
  subroutine init_gridvars()
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_timing
 
    integer :: igrid, iigrid
 
    tpartc_grid_0=mpi_wtime()
 
    do iigrid=1,igridstail; igrid=igrids(iigrid);
      allocate(gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,1:ngridvars),gridvars(igrid)%wold(ixg^t,1:ngridvars))
      gridvars(igrid)%w = 0.0d0
      gridvars(igrid)%wold = 0.0d0
    end do
 
    call particles_fill_gridvars()
    if (associated(particles_define_additional_gridvars)) then
      call particles_fill_additional_gridvars()
    end if
 
    tpartc_grid = tpartc_grid + (mpi_wtime()-tpartc_grid_0)
 
  end subroutine init_gridvars
 
  !> Deallocate grid variables for particles
  subroutine finish_gridvars()
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer :: iigrid, igrid
 
    do iigrid=1,igridstail; igrid=igrids(iigrid);
      deallocate(gridvars(igrid)%w,gridvars(igrid)%wold)
    end do
 
  end subroutine finish_gridvars
 
  !> This routine fills the particle grid variables with the default for mhd, i.e. only E and B
  subroutine fill_gridvars_default
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_usr_methods, only: usr_particle_fields
 
    double precision :: E(ixG^T, ndir)
    double precision :: B(ixG^T, ndir)
    integer :: igrid, iigrid
 
    do iigrid=1,igridstail; igrid=igrids(iigrid);
      if (associated(usr_particle_fields)) then ! FILL ONLY E AND B
        call usr_particle_fields(ps(igrid)%w, ps(igrid)%x, e, b)
        gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,ep(:)) = e
        gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,bp(:)) = b
      else
        call fields_from_mhd(igrid, ps(igrid)%w, gridvars(igrid)%w)
      end if
    end do
 
  end subroutine fill_gridvars_default
 
  !> Determine fields from MHD variables
  subroutine fields_from_mhd(igrid, w_mhd, w_part)
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
    integer, intent(in)             :: igrid
    double precision, intent(in)    :: w_mhd(ixG^T,nw)
    double precision, intent(inout) :: w_part(ixG^T,ngridvars)
 
    double precision                :: current(ixG^T,7-2*ndir:3)
    double precision                :: w(ixG^T,1:nw)
    integer                         :: idirmin, idir
 
    ^d&dxlevel(^d)=rnode(rpdx^d_,igrid);
 
    w(ixg^t,1:nw) = w_mhd(ixg^t,1:nw)
    w_part(ixg^t,bp(1):bp(3)) = 0.0d0
    w_part(ixg^t,ep(1):ep(3)) = 0.0d0
 
    call phys_to_primitive(ixg^ll,ixg^ll,w,ps(igrid)%x)
 
    ! fill with density:
    w_part(ixg^t,rhop) = w(ixg^t,iw_rho)
 
    ! fill with velocity:
    w_part(ixg^t,vp(:)) = w(ixg^t,iw_mom(:))
 
    ! fill with magnetic field:
    if (b0field) then
      do idir = 1, ndir
        w_part(ixg^t,bp(idir))=w(ixg^t,iw_mag(idir))+ps(igrid)%B0(ixg^t,idir,0)
      end do
    else
      w_part(ixg^t,bp(:)) = w(ixg^t,iw_mag(:))
    end if
 
    ! fill with current
    current = zero
    call particle_get_current(w,ixg^ll,ixg^llim^d^lsub1,idirmin,current)
    w_part(ixg^t,jp(:)) = current(ixg^t,:)
 
    ! fill with electric field
    select case (coordinate)
    case (cartesian,cartesian_stretched,spherical)
      w_part(ixg^t,ep(1)) = w_part(ixg^t,bp(2)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(3)) - w_part(ixg^t,bp(3)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(2)) + particles_eta * current(ixg^t,1)
      w_part(ixg^t,ep(2)) = w_part(ixg^t,bp(3)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(1)) - w_part(ixg^t,bp(1)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(3)) + particles_eta * current(ixg^t,2)
      w_part(ixg^t,ep(3)) = w_part(ixg^t,bp(1)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(2)) - w_part(ixg^t,bp(2)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(1)) + particles_eta * current(ixg^t,3)
    case (cylindrical)
      w_part(ixg^t,ep(r_)) = w_part(ixg^t,bp(phi_)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(z_)) - w_part(ixg^t,bp(z_)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(phi_)) + particles_eta * current(ixg^t,r_)
      w_part(ixg^t,ep(phi_)) = w_part(ixg^t,bp(z_)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(r_)) - w_part(ixg^t,bp(r_)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(z_)) + particles_eta * current(ixg^t,phi_)
      w_part(ixg^t,ep(z_)) = w_part(ixg^t,bp(r_)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(phi_)) - w_part(ixg^t,bp(phi_)) * &
           w(ixg^t,iw_mom(r_)) + particles_eta * current(ixg^t,z_)
    end select
 
    ! Hall term
    if (particles_etah > zero) then
      select case (coordinate)
      case (cartesian,cartesian_stretched,spherical)
        w_part(ixg^t,ep(1)) = w_part(ixg^t,ep(1)) + particles_etah/w(ixg^t,iw_rho) * &
             (current(ixg^t,2) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(3)) - current(ixg^t,3) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(2)))
        w_part(ixg^t,ep(2)) = w_part(ixg^t,ep(2)) + particles_etah/w(ixg^t,iw_rho) * &
             (-current(ixg^t,1) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(3)) + current(ixg^t,3) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(1)))
        w_part(ixg^t,ep(3)) = w_part(ixg^t,ep(3)) + particles_etah/w(ixg^t,iw_rho) * &
             (current(ixg^t,1) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(2)) - current(ixg^t,2) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(1)))
      case (cylindrical)
        w_part(ixg^t,ep(r_)) = w_part(ixg^t,ep(r_)) + particles_etah/w(ixg^t,iw_rho) * &
             (current(ixg^t,phi_) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(z_)) - current(ixg^t,z_) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(phi_)))
        w_part(ixg^t,ep(phi_)) = w_part(ixg^t,ep(phi_)) + particles_etah/w(ixg^t,iw_rho) * &
             (-current(ixg^t,r_) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(z_)) + current(ixg^t,z_) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(r_)))
        w_part(ixg^t,ep(z_)) = w_part(ixg^t,ep(z_)) + particles_etah/w(ixg^t,iw_rho) * &
             (current(ixg^t,r_) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(phi_)) - current(ixg^t,phi_) * w_part(ixg^t,bp(r_)))
      end select
    end if
 
  end subroutine fields_from_mhd
 
  !> Calculate idirmin and the idirmin:3 components of the common current array
  !> make sure that dxlevel(^D) is set correctly.
  subroutine particle_get_current(w,ixI^L,ixO^L,idirmin,current)
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
 
    integer :: ixO^L, idirmin, ixI^L
    double precision :: w(ixI^S,1:nw)
    ! For ndir=2 only 3rd component of J can exist, ndir=1 is impossible for MHD
    double precision :: current(ixI^S,7-2*ndir:3),bvec(ixI^S,1:ndir)
    integer :: idir
    integer :: idirmin0
 
    idirmin0 = 7-2*ndir
 
    if (b0field) then
      do idir = 1, ndir
        bvec(ixi^s,idir)=w(ixi^s,iw_mag(idir))+block%B0(ixi^s,idir,0)
      end do
    else
      do idir = 1, ndir
        bvec(ixi^s,idir)=w(ixi^s,iw_mag(idir))
      end do
    end if
 
    call curlvector(bvec,ixi^l,ixo^l,current,idirmin,idirmin0,ndir)
 
  end subroutine particle_get_current
 
  !> update grid variables for particles
  subroutine update_gridvars()
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_timing
 
    integer :: igrid, iigrid
 
    tpartc_grid_0=mpi_wtime()
 
    do iigrid=1,igridstail; igrid=igrids(iigrid);
       gridvars(igrid)%wold=gridvars(igrid)%w
    end do
 
    call particles_fill_gridvars()
    if (associated(particles_define_additional_gridvars)) then
      call particles_fill_additional_gridvars()
    end if
 
    tpartc_grid = tpartc_grid + (mpi_wtime()-tpartc_grid_0)
 
  end subroutine update_gridvars
 
  !> Let particles evolve in time. The routine also handles grid variables and
  !> output.
  subroutine handle_particles()
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_timing
 
    integer :: steps_taken, nparticles_left
 
    tpartc0 = mpi_wtime()
 
    call set_neighbor_ipe
 
    if (time_advance) then
      tmax_particles = global_time + dt
      call update_gridvars()
    else
      tmax_particles = time_max
    end if
    tpartc_com0=mpi_wtime()
    call comm_particles_global()
    tpartc_com=tpartc_com + (mpi_wtime()-tpartc_com0)
 
 
    ! main integration loop
    do
      if (tmax_particles >= t_next_output) then
        call advance_particles(t_next_output, steps_taken)
        tpartc_io_0 = mpi_wtime()
        if (mype .eq. 0 .and. (.not. time_advance)) print*, "Writing particle output at time",t_next_output
        call write_particle_output()
        if (.not. time_advance .and. write_snapshot) call write_particles_snapshot()
        timeio_tot  = timeio_tot+(mpi_wtime()-tpartc_io_0)
        tpartc_io   = tpartc_io+(mpi_wtime()-tpartc_io_0)
 
        ! If we are using a constant time step, this prevents multiple outputs
        ! at the same time
        t_next_output = max(t_next_output, min_particle_time) + &
             dtsave_particles
      else
        call advance_particles(tmax_particles, steps_taken)
!        call write_particle_output()
        exit
      end if
 
      call mpi_allreduce(nparticles_on_mype, nparticles_left, 1, mpi_integer, &
           mpi_sum, icomm, ierrmpi)
      if (nparticles_left == 0 .and. convert) call mpistop('No particles left')
 
    end do
 
    tpartc = tpartc + (mpi_wtime() - tpartc0)
 
  end subroutine handle_particles
 
  !> Routine handles the particle evolution
  subroutine advance_particles(end_time, steps_taken)
    use mod_timing
    use mod_global_parameters
    double precision, intent(in) :: end_time !< Advance at most up to this time
    integer, intent(out)         :: steps_taken
    integer                      :: n_active
 
    steps_taken = 0
 
    do
      call select_active_particles(end_time)
 
      ! Determine total number of active particles
      call mpi_allreduce(nparticles_active_on_mype, n_active, 1, mpi_integer, &
           mpi_sum, icomm, ierrmpi)
 
      if (n_active == 0) exit
 
      tpartc_int_0=mpi_wtime()
      call particles_integrate(end_time)
      steps_taken = steps_taken + 1
      tpartc_int=tpartc_int+(mpi_wtime()-tpartc_int_0)
 
      tpartc_com0=mpi_wtime()
      call comm_particles()
      tpartc_com=tpartc_com + (mpi_wtime()-tpartc_com0)
 
      it_particles = it_particles + 1
    end do
 
  end subroutine advance_particles
 
  pure subroutine limit_dt_endtime(t_left, dt_p)
    double precision, intent(in)    :: t_left
    double precision, intent(inout) :: dt_p
    double precision                :: n_steps
    double precision, parameter     :: eps = 1d-10
 
    n_steps = t_left / dt_p
 
    if (n_steps < 1+eps) then
      ! Last step
      dt_p = t_left
    else if (n_steps < 2-eps) then
      ! Divide time left over two steps, to prevent one tiny time step
      dt_p = 0.5d0 * t_left
    end if
 
  end subroutine limit_dt_endtime
 
  ! Get a generic vector quantity stored on the grid at the particle position
  ! NOTE: DON'T GET E OR B IN THIS WAY, USE FUNCTIONS BELOW!
  subroutine get_vec(ix,igrid,x,tloc,vec)
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_usr_methods, only: usr_particle_analytic
 
    integer,intent(in)                                 :: ix(ndir) !< Indices in gridvars
    integer,intent(in)                                 :: igrid
    double precision,dimension(3), intent(in)          :: x
    double precision, intent(in)                       :: tloc
    double precision,dimension(ndir), intent(out)      :: vec
    double precision,dimension(ndir)                   :: vec1, vec2
    double precision                                   :: td, bb
    integer                                            :: ic^D,idir
 
    if (associated(usr_particle_analytic)) then
      call usr_particle_analytic(ix, x, tloc, vec)
    else
      do idir=1,ndir
        call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll,gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,ix(idir)), &
             ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,vec(idir))
      end do
 
      if (time_advance) then
        do idir=1,ndir
          call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll,gridvars(igrid)%wold(ixg^t,ix(idir)), &
               ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,vec2(idir))
        end do
 
        ! Interpolate in time
        td = (tloc - global_time) / dt
        vec(:) = vec2(:) * (1.0d0 - td) + vec(:) * td
      end if
 
      ! Fabio June 2024: Renormalize vector by its grid-evaluated norm
      if (interp_type_particles=='renormalized') then
        if (time_advance) then
          if (sqrt(sum(vec(:)**2)) .gt. 0.d0) then
            call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll, &
                                 sum(gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,ix(:))**2,dim=ndim+1)*td &
                                 +sum(gridvars(igrid)%wold(ixg^t,ix(:))**2,dim=ndim+1)*(1.d0-td), &
                                 ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,bb)
          end if
        else
          if (sqrt(sum(vec(:)**2)) .gt. 0.d0) then
            call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll, &
                                 sum(gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,ix(:))**2,dim=ndim+1), &
                                 ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,bb)
          end if
          vec = vec/sqrt(sum(vec(:)**2))*sqrt(bb)
        end if
      end if
    end if
 
  end subroutine get_vec
 
  subroutine get_bfield(igrid,x,tloc,b)
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_usr_methods, only: usr_particle_analytic, usr_particle_fields
 
    integer,intent(in)                                 :: igrid
    double precision,dimension(3), intent(in)          :: x
    double precision, intent(in)                       :: tloc
    double precision,dimension(ndir), intent(out)      :: b
    double precision,dimension(ndir)                   :: vec1, vec2, vec
    double precision                                   :: td, bb
    integer                                            :: ic^D,idir
 
    if (associated(usr_particle_analytic)) then
      call usr_particle_analytic(bp, x, tloc, vec)
    else if (associated(usr_particle_fields)) then
      call get_vec(bp, igrid, x, tloc, vec)
    else
      do idir=1,ndir
        call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll,gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,bp(idir)), &
             ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,vec(idir))
      end do
 
      if (time_advance) then
        do idir=1,ndir
          call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll,gridvars(igrid)%wold(ixg^t,bp(idir)), &
               ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,vec2(idir))
        end do
 
        ! Interpolate in time
        td = (tloc - global_time) / dt
        vec(:) = vec2(:) * (1.0d0 - td) + vec(:) * td
      end if
 
      ! Fabio June 2024: Renormalize vector by its grid-evaluated norm
      if (interp_type_particles=='renormalized') then
        if (time_advance) then
          if (sqrt(sum(vec(:)**2)) .gt. 0.d0) then
            call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll, &
                                 sum(gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,bp(:))**2,dim=ndim+1)*td &
                                 +sum(gridvars(igrid)%wold(ixg^t,bp(:))**2,dim=ndim+1)*(1.d0-td), &
                                 ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,bb)
          end if
        else
          if (sqrt(sum(vec(:)**2)) .gt. 0.d0) then
            call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll, &
                                 sum(gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,bp(:))**2,dim=ndim+1), &
                                 ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,bb)
          end if
          vec = vec/sqrt(sum(vec(:)**2))*sqrt(bb)
        end if
      end if
 
    end if
 
    b(:) = vec(:)
 
  end subroutine get_bfield
 
  ! Shorthand for getting specifically the E field at the particle position
  subroutine get_efield(igrid,x,tloc,e)
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_usr_methods, only: usr_particle_analytic, usr_particle_fields
    use mod_geometry
 
    integer,intent(in)                                 :: igrid
    double precision,dimension(3), intent(in)          :: x
    double precision, intent(in)                       :: tloc
    double precision,dimension(ndir), intent(out)      :: e
    double precision,dimension(ndir)                   :: vec1, vec2, vec
    double precision,dimension(ndir)                   :: vfluid, b
    double precision,dimension(ndir)                   :: current
    double precision                                   :: rho = 1.d0, rho2 = 1.d0
    double precision                                   :: td
    integer                                            :: ic^D,idir
 
    current(:) = 0.d0
 
    if (associated(usr_particle_analytic)) then
      call usr_particle_analytic(ep, x, tloc, vec)
    else if (associated(usr_particle_fields)) then
      call get_vec(ep, igrid, x, tloc, vec)
    else
      call get_bfield(igrid, x, tloc, b)
      call get_vec(vp, igrid, x, tloc, vfluid)
      if (particles_eta > zero) then
        call get_vec(jp, igrid, x, tloc, current)
      end if
      if (particles_etah > zero) then
        call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll,gridvars(igrid)%w(ixg^t,rhop),ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,rho)
        if (time_advance) then
          call interpolate_var(igrid,ixg^ll,ixm^ll,gridvars(igrid)%wold(ixg^t,rhop),ps(igrid)%x(ixg^t,1:ndim),x,rho2)
          td = (tloc - global_time) / dt
          rho = rho2 * (1.0d0 - td) + rho * td
        end if
      end if
 
      ! Build E
      select case (coordinate)
      case (cartesian,cartesian_stretched,spherical)
        vec(1) = -vfluid(2)*b(3)+vfluid(3)*b(2) + particles_eta*current(1) + particles_etah/rho*(current(2)*b(3) - current(3)*b(2))
        vec(2) = vfluid(1)*b(3)-vfluid(3)*b(1) + particles_eta*current(2)  + particles_etah/rho*(-current(1)*b(3) + current(3)*b(1))
        vec(3) = -vfluid(1)*b(2)+vfluid(2)*b(1) + particles_eta*current(3) + particles_etah/rho*(current(1)*b(2) - current(2)*b(1))
      case (cylindrical)
        vec(r_) = -vfluid(phi_)*b(z_)+vfluid(z_)*b(phi_) + particles_eta*current(r_)   + particles_etah/rho*(current(phi_)*b(z_) - current(z_)*b(phi_))
        vec(phi_) = vfluid(r_)*b(z_)-vfluid(z_)*b(r_)    + particles_eta*current(phi_) + particles_etah/rho*(-current(r_)*b(z_) + current(z_)*b(r_))
        vec(z_) = -vfluid(r_)*b(phi_)+vfluid(phi_)*b(r_) + particles_eta*current(z_)   + particles_etah/rho*(current(r_)*b(phi_) - current(phi_)*b(r_))
      end select
    end if
 
    e(:) = vec(:)
 
  end subroutine get_efield
 
  !> Get Lorentz factor from relativistic momentum
  pure subroutine get_lfac(u,lfac)
    use mod_global_parameters, only: ndir, c_norm
    double precision,dimension(3), intent(in)       :: u
    double precision, intent(out)                      :: lfac
 
    if (relativistic) then
       lfac = sqrt(1.0d0 + sum(u(:)**2)/c_norm**2)
    else
       lfac = 1.0d0
    end if
 
  end subroutine get_lfac
 
  !> Get Lorentz factor from velocity
  pure subroutine get_lfac_from_velocity(v,lfac)
    use mod_global_parameters, only: ndir, c_norm
    double precision,dimension(3), intent(in)       :: v
    double precision, intent(out)                      :: lfac
 
    if (relativistic) then
       lfac = 1.0d0 / sqrt(1.0d0 - sum(v(:)**2)/c_norm**2)
    else
       lfac = 1.0d0
    end if
 
  end subroutine get_lfac_from_velocity
 
  subroutine cross(a,b,c)
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
    double precision, dimension(ndir), intent(in)   :: a,b
    double precision, dimension(ndir), intent(out)  :: c
 
    ! ndir needs to be three for this to work!!!
    if(ndir==3) then
      select case(coordinate)
      case(cartesian,cartesian_stretched,spherical)
        c(1) = a(2)*b(3) - a(3)*b(2)
        c(2) = a(3)*b(1) - a(1)*b(3)
        c(3) = a(1)*b(2) - a(2)*b(1)
      case (cylindrical)
        c(r_)   = a(phi_)*b(z_) - a(z_)*b(phi_)
        c(phi_) = a(z_)*b(r_) - a(r_)*b(z_)
        c(z_)   = a(r_)*b(phi_) - a(phi_)*b(r_)
      case default
        call mpistop('geometry not implemented in cross(a,b,c)')
      end select
    else
      call mpistop("cross in particles needs to be run with three components!")
    end if
 
  end subroutine cross
 
  subroutine interpolate_var(igrid,ixI^L,ixO^L,gf,x,xloc,gfloc)
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer, intent(in)                   :: igrid,ixI^L, ixO^L
    double precision, intent(in)          :: gf(ixI^S)
    double precision, intent(in)          :: x(ixI^S,1:ndim)
    double precision, intent(in)          :: xloc(1:3)
    double precision, intent(out)         :: gfloc
    double precision                      :: xd^D, myq, dx1
    {^iftwod
    double precision                      :: c00, c10
    }
    {^ifthreed
    double precision                      :: c0, c1, c00, c10, c01, c11
    }
    integer                               :: ic^D, ic1^D, ic2^D, idir
 
    {
    if(stretch_type(^d)==stretch_uni) then
      ! uniform stretch from xprobmin
      ic^d = ceiling(dlog((xloc(^d)-xprobmin^d)*(qstretch(ps(igrid)%level,^d)-one)/&
        dxfirst(ps(igrid)%level,^d)+one)/dlog(qstretch(ps(igrid)%level,^d)))-&
        (node(pig^d_,igrid)-1)*block_nx^d+nghostcells
    else if(stretch_type(^d)==stretch_symm) then
      ! symmetric stretch about 0.5*(xprobmin+xprobmax)
      if(xloc(^d)<xprobmin^d+xstretch^d) then
        ! stretch to left from xprobmin+xstretch
        ic^d = block_nx^d-(int(dlog((xprobmin^d+xstretch^d-xloc(^d))*(qstretch(ps(igrid)%level,^d)-one)/&
            dxfirst(ps(igrid)%level,^d)+one)/dlog(qstretch(ps(igrid)%level,^d)))-&
            (nstretchedblocks(ps(igrid)%level,^d)/2-node(pig^d_,igrid))*block_nx^d)+nghostcells
      else if(xloc(^d)>xprobmax^d-xstretch^d) then
        ! stretch to right from xprobmax-xstretch
        ic^d = ceiling(dlog((xloc(^d)-xprobmax^d+xstretch^d)*(qstretch(ps(igrid)%level,^d)-one)/&
            dxfirst(ps(igrid)%level,^d)+one)/dlog(qstretch(ps(igrid)%level,^d)))-&
            ((node(pig^d_,igrid)-1+nstretchedblocks(ps(igrid)%level,^d)/2)*block_nx^d-&
            domain_nx^d*2**(ps(igrid)%level-1))+nghostcells
      else
        ! possible non-stretched central part
        ic^d = int((xloc(^d)-rnode(rpxmin^d_,igrid))/rnode(rpdx^d_,igrid)) + 1 + nghostcells
      end if
    else
      ! no stretch
      ic^d = int((xloc(^d)-rnode(rpxmin^d_,igrid))/rnode(rpdx^d_,igrid)) + 1 + nghostcells
    end if
    \}
 
    ! linear interpolation:
    {
    if (x({ic^dd},^d) .lt. xloc(^d)) then
      ic1^d = ic^d
    else
      ic1^d = ic^d -1
    end if
    ic2^d = ic1^d + 1
    \}
 
    {^d&
    if(ic1^d.lt.ixglo^d+1 .or. ic2^d.gt.ixghi^d-1) then
      print *, 'direction: ',^d
      print *, 'position: ',xloc(1:ndim)
      print *, 'indices:', ic1^d,ic2^d
      call mpistop('Trying to interpolate from out of grid!')
    end if
    \}
 
    {^ifoned
    xd1 = (xloc(1)-x(ic11,1)) / (x(ic21,1) - x(ic11,1))
    gfloc  = gf(ic11) * (1.0d0 - xd1) + gf(ic21) * xd1
    }
    {^iftwod
    xd1 = (xloc(1)-x(ic11,ic12,1)) / (x(ic21,ic12,1) - x(ic11,ic12,1))
    xd2 = (xloc(2)-x(ic11,ic12,2)) / (x(ic11,ic22,2) - x(ic11,ic12,2))
    c00 = gf(ic11,ic12) * (1.0d0 - xd1) + gf(ic21,ic12) * xd1
    c10 = gf(ic11,ic22) * (1.0d0 - xd1) + gf(ic21,ic22) * xd1
    gfloc  = c00 * (1.0d0 - xd2) + c10 * xd2
    }
    {^ifthreed
    xd1 = (xloc(1)-x(ic11,ic12,ic13,1)) / (x(ic21,ic12,ic13,1) - x(ic11,ic12,ic13,1))
    xd2 = (xloc(2)-x(ic11,ic12,ic13,2)) / (x(ic11,ic22,ic13,2) - x(ic11,ic12,ic13,2))
    xd3 = (xloc(3)-x(ic11,ic12,ic13,3)) / (x(ic11,ic12,ic23,3) - x(ic11,ic12,ic13,3))
 
    c00 = gf(ic11,ic12,ic13) * (1.0d0 - xd1) + gf(ic21,ic12,ic13) * xd1
    c10 = gf(ic11,ic22,ic13) * (1.0d0 - xd1) + gf(ic21,ic22,ic13) * xd1
    c01 = gf(ic11,ic12,ic23) * (1.0d0 - xd1) + gf(ic21,ic12,ic23) * xd1
    c11 = gf(ic11,ic22,ic23) * (1.0d0 - xd1) + gf(ic21,ic22,ic23) * xd1
 
    c0  = c00 * (1.0d0 - xd2) + c10 * xd2
    c1  = c01 * (1.0d0 - xd2) + c11 * xd2
 
    gfloc = c0 * (1.0d0 - xd3) + c1 * xd3
    }
 
  end subroutine interpolate_var
 
  subroutine time_spent_on_particles()
    use mod_timing
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    double precision :: tpartc_avg, tpartc_int_avg, tpartc_io_avg, tpartc_com_avg, tpartc_grid_avg
 
    call mpi_reduce(tpartc,tpartc_avg,1,mpi_double_precision,mpi_sum,0,icomm,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_reduce(tpartc_int,tpartc_int_avg,1,mpi_double_precision,mpi_sum,0,icomm,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_reduce(tpartc_io,tpartc_io_avg,1,mpi_double_precision,mpi_sum,0,icomm,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_reduce(tpartc_com,tpartc_com_avg,1,mpi_double_precision,mpi_sum,0,icomm,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_reduce(tpartc_grid,tpartc_grid_avg,1,mpi_double_precision,mpi_sum,0,icomm,ierrmpi)
 
    if (mype ==0) then
      tpartc_avg      = tpartc_avg/dble(npe)
      tpartc_int_avg  = tpartc_int_avg/dble(npe)
      tpartc_io_avg   = tpartc_io_avg/dble(npe)
      tpartc_com_avg  = tpartc_com_avg/dble(npe)
      tpartc_grid_avg = tpartc_grid_avg/dble(npe)
      write(*,'(a,f12.3,a)')' Particle handling took     : ',tpartc,' sec'
      write(*,'(a,f12.2,a)')'                  Percentage: ',100.0d0*tpartc/(timeloop+smalldouble),' %'
      write(*,'(a,f12.3,a)')' Particle IO took           : ',tpartc_io_avg,' sec'
      write(*,'(a,f12.2,a)')'                  Percentage: ',100.0d0*tpartc_io_avg/(timeloop+smalldouble),' %'
      write(*,'(a,f12.3,a)')' Particle COM took          : ',tpartc_com_avg,' sec'
      write(*,'(a,f12.2,a)')'                  Percentage: ',100.0d0*tpartc_com_avg/(timeloop+smalldouble),' %'
      write(*,'(a,f12.3,a)')' Particle integration took  : ',tpartc_int_avg,' sec'
      write(*,'(a,f12.2,a)')'                  Percentage: ',100.0d0*tpartc_int_avg/(timeloop+smalldouble),' %'
      write(*,'(a,f12.3,a)')' Particle init grid took    : ',tpartc_grid_avg,' sec'
      write(*,'(a,f12.2,a)')'                  Percentage: ',100.0d0*tpartc_grid_avg/(timeloop+smalldouble),' %'
    end if
 
  end subroutine time_spent_on_particles
 
  subroutine read_particles_snapshot(file_exists)
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    logical,intent(out)             :: file_exists
    character(len=std_len)          :: filename
    integer                         :: mynpayload, mynparticles, pos
 
    ! some initialisations:
    nparticles_on_mype = 0
    mynparticles       = 0
    nparticles         = 0
    it_particles       = 0
 
    ! open the snapshot file on the headnode
    file_exists=.false.
    if (mype == 0) then
!      write(filename,"(a,a,i4.4,a)") trim(base_filename),'_particles',snapshotini,'.dat'
      ! Strip restart_from_filename of the ending 
      pos = scan(restart_from_file, '.dat', back=.true.)
      write(filename,"(a,a,i4.4,a)") trim(restart_from_file(1:pos-8)),'_particles',snapshotini,'.dat'
      INQUIRE(file=filename, exist=file_exists)
      if (.not. file_exists) then
        write(*,*) 'WARNING: File '//trim(filename)//' with particle data does not exist.'
        write(*,*) 'Initialising particles from user or default routines'
      else
        open(unit=unitparticles,file=filename,form='unformatted',action='read',status='unknown',access='stream')
        read(unitparticles) nparticles,it_particles,mynpayload
        if (mynpayload .ne. npayload) &
             call mpistop('npayload in restart file does not match npayload in mod_particles')
      end if
    end if
 
    call mpi_bcast(file_exists,1,mpi_logical,0,icomm,ierrmpi)
    if (.not. file_exists) return
 
    call mpi_bcast(nparticles,1,mpi_integer,0,icomm,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_bcast(it_particles,1,mpi_integer,0,icomm,ierrmpi)
 
    do while (mynparticles .lt. nparticles)
      if (mype == 0) then
        do while (nparticles_on_mype .lt. nparticles_per_cpu_hi &
             .and. mynparticles .lt. nparticles)
          call read_from_snapshot
          mynparticles = mynparticles + 1
        end do
      end if ! mype==0
      call mpi_bcast(mynparticles,1,mpi_integer,0,icomm,ierrmpi)
      call comm_particles_global
    end do
 
    if (mype == 0) close(unit=unitparticles)
 
  end subroutine read_particles_snapshot
 
  subroutine read_from_snapshot()
 
    integer :: index,igrid_particle,ipe_particle
 
    read(unitparticles) index
    allocate(particle(index)%self)
    allocate(particle(index)%payload(1:npayload))
    particle(index)%self%index = index
 
    read(unitparticles) particle(index)%self%follow
    read(unitparticles) particle(index)%self%q
    read(unitparticles) particle(index)%self%m
    read(unitparticles) particle(index)%self%time
    read(unitparticles) particle(index)%self%dt
    read(unitparticles) particle(index)%self%x
    read(unitparticles) particle(index)%self%u
    read(unitparticles) particle(index)%payload(1:npayload)
 
!    if (particle(index)%self%follow) print*, 'follow index:', index
 
    call find_particle_ipe(particle(index)%self%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
    particle(index)%igrid = igrid_particle
    particle(index)%ipe   = ipe_particle
 
    call push_particle_into_particles_on_mype(index)
 
  end subroutine read_from_snapshot
 
  subroutine write_particles_snapshot()
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    character(len=std_len)          :: filename
!    type(particle_t), dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_particles
!    type(particle_t), dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: receive_particles
!    double precision, dimension(npayload,nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_payload
!    double precision, dimension(npayload,nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: receive_payload
    type(particle_t), allocatable, dimension(:)  :: send_particles
    type(particle_t), allocatable, dimension(:)  :: receive_particles
    double precision, allocatable, dimension(:,:)  :: send_payload
    double precision, allocatable, dimension(:,:)  :: receive_payload
    integer                         :: status(MPI_STATUS_SIZE)
    integer,dimension(0:npe-1)      :: receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe
    integer                         :: ipe, ipart, iipart, send_n_particles_for_output
    logical,save                    :: file_exists=.false.
    integer                         :: snapshotnumber
 
    if (time_advance) then
      snapshotnumber = snapshotnext
    else
      snapshotnumber = nint(t_next_output/dtsave_particles)
    end if 
 
    receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(:) = 0
 
    ! open the snapshot file on the headnode
    if (mype .eq. 0) then
      write(filename,"(a,a,i4.4,a)") trim(base_filename),'_particles',snapshotnumber,'.dat'
      INQUIRE(file=filename, exist=file_exists)
      if (.not. file_exists) then
        open(unit=unitparticles,file=filename,form='unformatted',status='new',access='stream')
      else
        open(unit=unitparticles,file=filename,form='unformatted',status='replace',access='stream')
      end if
      write(unitparticles) nparticles,it_particles,npayload
    end if
    if (npe==1) then
      do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype;ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
        call append_to_snapshot(particle(ipart)%self,particle(ipart)%payload)
      end do
      return
    end if
 
    if (mype .ne. 0) then
      call mpi_send(nparticles_on_mype,1,mpi_integer,0,mype,icomm,ierrmpi)
      ! fill the send_buffer
      send_n_particles_for_output = nparticles_on_mype
      allocate(send_particles(1:send_n_particles_for_output))
      allocate(send_payload(1:npayload,1:send_n_particles_for_output))
      do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype;ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
        send_particles(iipart) = particle(ipart)%self
        send_payload(1:npayload,iipart) = particle(ipart)%payload(1:npayload)
      end do
    else
      ! get number of particles on other ipes
      do ipe=1,npe-1
        call mpi_recv(receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe),1,mpi_integer,ipe,ipe,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
      end do
    end if
 
    if (mype .ne. 0) then
      call mpi_send(send_particles,send_n_particles_for_output,type_particle,0,mype,icomm,ierrmpi)
      call mpi_send(send_payload,npayload*send_n_particles_for_output,mpi_double_precision,0,mype,icomm,ierrmpi)
      deallocate(send_particles)
      deallocate(send_payload)
    end if
 
    if (mype==0) then
      ! first output own particles (already in receive buffer)
      do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype;ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
        call append_to_snapshot(particle(ipart)%self,particle(ipart)%payload)
      end do
      ! now output the particles sent from the other ipes
      do ipe=1,npe-1
        allocate(receive_particles(1:receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe)))
        allocate(receive_payload(1:npayload,1:receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe)))
        call mpi_recv(receive_particles,receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe),type_particle,ipe,ipe,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
        call mpi_recv(receive_payload,npayload*receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe),mpi_double_precision,ipe,ipe,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
        do ipart=1,receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe)
          call append_to_snapshot(receive_particles(ipart),receive_payload(1:npayload,ipart))
        end do ! ipart
        deallocate(receive_particles)
        deallocate(receive_payload)
      end do ! ipe
      close(unit=unitparticles)
    end if ! mype == 0
 
  end subroutine write_particles_snapshot
 
  subroutine append_to_snapshot(myparticle,mypayload)
 
    type(particle_t),intent(in) :: myparticle
    double precision :: mypayload(1:npayload)
 
    write(unitparticles) myparticle%index
    write(unitparticles) myparticle%follow
    write(unitparticles) myparticle%q
    write(unitparticles) myparticle%m
    write(unitparticles) myparticle%time
    write(unitparticles) myparticle%dt
    write(unitparticles) myparticle%x
    write(unitparticles) myparticle%u
    write(unitparticles) mypayload(1:npayload)
 
  end subroutine append_to_snapshot
 
  subroutine init_particles_output()
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer                           :: iipart, ipart, icomp
    character(len=std_len)            :: filename
    character(len=1024)               :: line, strdata
 
    do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype;ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
      if (particle(ipart)%self%follow) then
        filename = make_particle_filename(particle(ipart)%self%time,particle(ipart)%self%index,'individual')
        open(unit=unitparticles,file=filename,status='replace')
        line=''
        do icomp=1, npayload
          write(strdata,"(a,i2.2,a)") 'payload',icomp,','
          line = trim(line)//trim(strdata)
        end do
        write(unitparticles,"(a,a,a)") 'time,dt,x1,x2,x3,u1,u2,u3,',trim(line),'ipe,iteration,index'
        close(unit=unitparticles)
      end if
    end do
 
  end subroutine init_particles_output
 
  subroutine select_active_particles(end_time)
    use mod_global_parameters
    double precision, intent(in) :: end_time
 
    double precision :: t_min_mype
    integer          :: ipart, iipart
    logical          :: activate
 
    t_min_mype = bigdouble
    nparticles_active_on_mype = 0
 
    do iipart = 1, nparticles_on_mype
      ipart      = particles_on_mype(iipart);
      activate   = (particle(ipart)%self%time < end_time)
      t_min_mype = min(t_min_mype, particle(ipart)%self%time)
 
      if (activate) then
        nparticles_active_on_mype = nparticles_active_on_mype + 1
        particles_active_on_mype(nparticles_active_on_mype) = ipart
      end if
    end do
 
    call mpi_allreduce(t_min_mype, min_particle_time, 1, mpi_double_precision, &
         mpi_min, icomm, ierrmpi)
 
  end subroutine select_active_particles
 
  subroutine locate_particle(index,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
    ! given the particles unique index, tell me on which cpu and igrid it is
    ! returns -1,-1 if particle was not found
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer, intent(in)                            :: index
    integer, intent(out)                           :: igrid_particle, ipe_particle
    integer                                        :: iipart,ipart,ipe_has_particle,ipe
    integer,dimension(0:1)                         :: buff
    logical                                        :: has_particle(0:npe-1)
 
    has_particle(:) = .false.
    do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype;ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
      if (particle(ipart)%self%index == index) then
        has_particle(mype) = .true.
        exit
      end if
    end do
 
    if (has_particle(mype)) then
      buff(0) = particle(ipart)%igrid
      buff(1) = mype
    end if
 
    if (npe>0) call mpi_allgather(has_particle(mype),1,mpi_logical,has_particle,1,mpi_logical,icomm,ierrmpi)
 
    ipe_has_particle = -1
    do ipe=0,npe-1
      if (has_particle(ipe) .eqv. .true.) then
        ipe_has_particle = ipe
        exit
      end if
    end do
 
    if (ipe_has_particle .ne. -1) then
      if (npe>0) call mpi_bcast(buff,2,mpi_integer,ipe_has_particle,icomm,ierrmpi)
      igrid_particle=buff(0)
      ipe_particle = buff(1)
    else
      igrid_particle=-1
      ipe_particle = -1
    end if
 
  end subroutine locate_particle
 
  subroutine find_particle_ipe(x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
    use mod_forest, only: tree_node_ptr, tree_root
    use mod_slice, only: get_igslice
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    double precision, intent(in) :: x(3)
    integer, intent(out)         :: igrid_particle, ipe_particle
    integer                      :: ig(ndir,nlevelshi), ig_lvl(nlevelshi)
    integer                      :: idim, ic(ndim)
    type(tree_node_ptr)          :: branch
 
    ! first check if the particle is in the domain
    if (.not. particle_in_domain(x)) then
      igrid_particle = -1
      ipe_particle   = -1
      return
    end if
 
    ! get the index on each level
    do idim = 1, ndim
      call get_igslice(idim,x(idim), ig_lvl)
      ig(idim,:) = ig_lvl
    end do
 
    ! traverse the tree until leaf is found
    branch=tree_root({ig(^d,1)})
    do while (.not.branch%node%leaf)
      {ic(^d)=ig(^d,branch%node%level+1) - 2 * branch%node%ig^d +2\}
      branch%node => branch%node%child({ic(^d)})%node
    end do
 
    igrid_particle = branch%node%igrid
    ipe_particle   = branch%node%ipe
 
  end subroutine find_particle_ipe
 
  !> Check if particle is inside computational domain
  logical function particle_in_domain(x)
    use mod_global_parameters
    double precision, dimension(ndim), intent(in)  :: x
 
    particle_in_domain = all(x >= [ xprobmin^d ]) .and. &
         all(x < [ xprobmax^d ]) ! Jannis: as before < instead of <= here, necessary?
  end function particle_in_domain
 
  !> Quick check if particle is still in igrid
  logical function particle_in_igrid(ipart, igrid)
    use mod_global_parameters
    integer, intent(in) :: igrid, ipart
    double precision    :: x(ndim), grid_rmin(ndim), grid_rmax(ndim)
 
    ! First check if the igrid is still there
    if (.not. allocated(ps(igrid)%w)) then
      particle_in_igrid = .false.
    else
      grid_rmin         = [ {rnode(rpxmin^d_,igrid)} ]
      grid_rmax         = [ {rnode(rpxmax^d_,igrid)} ]
      x                 = particle(ipart)%self%x(1:ndim)
      particle_in_igrid = all(x >= grid_rmin) .and. all(x < grid_rmax)
    end if
  end function particle_in_igrid
 
  subroutine set_neighbor_ipe()
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer              :: igrid, iigrid,ipe
    integer              :: my_neighbor_type, i^D
    logical              :: ipe_is_neighbor(0:npe-1)
 
    ipe_is_neighbor(:) = .false.
    do iigrid=1,igridstail; igrid=igrids(iigrid);
 
      {do i^db=-1,1\}
      if (i^d==0|.and.) then
        cycle
      end if
      my_neighbor_type=neighbor_type(i^d,igrid)
 
      select case (my_neighbor_type)
      case (neighbor_boundary) ! boundary
        ! do nothing
      case (neighbor_coarse) ! fine-coarse
        call ipe_fc(i^d,igrid,ipe_is_neighbor)
      case (neighbor_sibling) ! same level
        call ipe_srl(i^d,igrid,ipe_is_neighbor)
      case (neighbor_fine) ! coarse-fine
        call ipe_cf(i^d,igrid,ipe_is_neighbor)
      end select
 
      {end do\}
 
    end do
 
    ! remove self as neighbor
    ipe_is_neighbor(mype) = .false.
 
    ! Now make the list of neighbors
    npe_neighbors = 0
    do ipe=0,npe-1
      if (ipe_is_neighbor(ipe)) then
        npe_neighbors = npe_neighbors + 1
        ipe_neighbor(npe_neighbors) = ipe
      end if
    end do ! ipe
 
  end subroutine set_neighbor_ipe
 
  subroutine ipe_fc(i^D,igrid,ipe_is_neighbor)
    use mod_global_parameters
    integer, intent(in) :: i^D, igrid
    logical, intent(inout) :: ipe_is_neighbor(0:npe-1)
 
    ipe_is_neighbor(neighbor(2,i^d,igrid)) = .true.
 
  end subroutine ipe_fc
 
  subroutine ipe_srl(i^D,igrid,ipe_is_neighbor)
    use mod_global_parameters
    integer, intent(in) :: i^D, igrid
    logical, intent(inout) :: ipe_is_neighbor(0:npe-1)
 
    ipe_is_neighbor(neighbor(2,i^d,igrid)) = .true.
 
  end subroutine ipe_srl
 
  subroutine ipe_cf(i^D,igrid,ipe_is_neighbor)
    use mod_global_parameters
    integer, intent(in)    :: i^D, igrid
    logical, intent(inout) :: ipe_is_neighbor(0:npe-1)
    integer                :: ic^D, inc^D
 
    {do ic^db=1+int((1-i^db)/2),2-int((1+i^db)/2)
    inc^db=2*i^db+ic^db
    \}
    ipe_is_neighbor( neighbor_child(2,inc^d,igrid) ) = .true.
 
    {end do\}
 
  end subroutine ipe_cf
 
  subroutine write_particle_output()
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    character(len=std_len) :: filename
!    type(particle_t), dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_particles
!    double precision, dimension(npayload,nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_payload
    type(particle_t), allocatable, dimension(:)   :: send_particles
    double precision, allocatable, dimension(:,:) :: send_payload
    double precision                :: tout
    integer                         :: send_n_particles_for_output, cc
    integer                         :: nout
    integer                         :: ipart,iipart
 
    if (write_individual) then
      call output_individual()
    end if
 
    if (write_ensemble) then
      send_n_particles_for_output = 0
 
      do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype
        ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
 
        ! have to send particle to rank zero for output
        if (mod(particle(ipart)%self%index,downsample_particles) .eq. 0) then
          send_n_particles_for_output = send_n_particles_for_output + 1
        end if
      end do
 
      allocate(send_particles(1:send_n_particles_for_output))
      allocate(send_payload(npayload,1:send_n_particles_for_output))
      cc = 1
      do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype
        ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
 
        ! have to send particle to rank zero for output
        if (mod(particle(ipart)%self%index,downsample_particles) .eq. 0) then
          send_particles(cc) = particle(ipart)%self
          send_payload(1:npayload,cc) = particle(ipart)%payload(1:npayload)
          cc=cc+1
        end if
      end do
 
      call output_ensemble(send_n_particles_for_output,send_particles, &
           send_payload,'ensemble')
      deallocate(send_particles)
      deallocate(send_payload)
    end if
 
  end subroutine write_particle_output
 
  character(len=128) function make_particle_filename(tout,index,type)
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    character(len=*), intent(in)    :: type
    double precision, intent(in)    :: tout
    integer, intent(in)             :: index
    integer                         :: nout, mysnapshot
 
    select case(type)
    case ('ensemble')
      nout = nint(tout / dtsave_particles)
      write(make_particle_filename,"(a,a,i6.6,a)") trim(base_filename),'_ensemble',nout,'.csv'
    case ('destroy')
      write(make_particle_filename,"(a,a)") trim(base_filename),'_destroyed.csv'
    case ('individual')
      write(make_particle_filename,"(a,a,i6.6,a)") trim(base_filename),'_particle',index,'.csv'
    end select
 
  end function make_particle_filename
 
  subroutine output_ensemble(send_n_particles_for_output,send_particles,send_payload,typefile)
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer, intent(in)             :: send_n_particles_for_output
    type(particle_t), dimension(send_n_particles_for_output), intent(in)  :: send_particles
    double precision, dimension(npayload,send_n_particles_for_output), intent(in)  :: send_payload
    character(len=*), intent(in)    :: typefile
    character(len=std_len)              :: filename
    type(particle_t), allocatable, dimension(:)   :: receive_particles
    double precision, allocatable, dimension(:,:) :: receive_payload
    integer                         :: status(MPI_STATUS_SIZE)
    integer,dimension(0:npe-1)      :: receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe
    integer                         :: ipe, ipart, nout
    logical                         :: file_exists
 
    receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(:) = 0
 
    call mpi_allgather(send_n_particles_for_output, 1, mpi_integer, &
         receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe, 1, mpi_integer, icomm, ierrmpi)
 
    ! If there are no particles to be written, skip the output
    if (sum(receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(:)) == 0) return
 
    if (mype > 0) then
      call mpi_send(send_particles,send_n_particles_for_output,type_particle,0,mype,icomm,ierrmpi)
      call mpi_send(send_payload,npayload*send_n_particles_for_output,mpi_double_precision,0,mype,icomm,ierrmpi)
    else
      ! Create file and write header
      if(typefile=='destroy') then ! Destroyed file
        write(filename,"(a,a,i6.6,a)") trim(base_filename) // '_', &
             trim(typefile) // '.csv'
        n_output_destroyed= n_output_destroyed + 1
        inquire(file=filename, exist=file_exists)
 
        if (.not. file_exists) then
          open(unit=unitparticles, file=filename)
          write(unitparticles,"(a)") trim(csv_header)
        else
          open(unit=unitparticles, file=filename, access='append')
        end if
 
      else ! Ensemble file
        write(filename,"(a,a,i6.6,a)") trim(base_filename) // '_', &
            trim(typefile) // '_', nint(t_next_output/dtsave_particles),'.csv'
        open(unit=unitparticles,file=filename)
        write(unitparticles,"(a)") trim(csv_header)
      end if
 
      ! Write own particles
      do ipart=1,send_n_particles_for_output
        call output_particle(send_particles(ipart),send_payload(1:npayload,ipart),0,unitparticles)
      end do
 
      ! Write particles from other tasks
      do ipe=1,npe-1
        allocate(receive_particles(1:receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe)))
        allocate(receive_payload(1:npayload,1:receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe)))
        call mpi_recv(receive_particles,receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe),type_particle,ipe,ipe,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
        call mpi_recv(receive_payload,npayload*receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe),mpi_double_precision,ipe,ipe,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
        do ipart=1,receive_n_particles_for_output_from_ipe(ipe)
          call output_particle(receive_particles(ipart),receive_payload(1:npayload,ipart),ipe,unitparticles)
        end do ! ipart
        deallocate(receive_particles)
        deallocate(receive_payload)
      end do ! ipe
 
      close(unitparticles)
    end if
 
  end subroutine output_ensemble
 
  subroutine output_individual()
    use mod_global_parameters
    character(len=std_len) :: filename
    integer                :: ipart,iipart,ipe
    logical                :: file_exists
 
    do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype
      ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart)
 
      ! should the particle be dumped?
      if (particle(ipart)%self%follow) then
        write(filename,"(a,a,i6.6,a)") trim(base_filename), '_particle_', &
             particle(ipart)%self%index, '.csv'
        inquire(file=filename, exist=file_exists)
 
        ! Create empty file and write header on first iteration, or when the
        ! file does not exist yet
        if (it_particles == 0 .or. .not. file_exists) then
          open(unit=unitparticles, file=filename)
          write(unitparticles,"(a)") trim(csv_header)
        else
          open(unit=unitparticles, file=filename, access='append')
        end if
 
        call output_particle(particle(ipart)%self,&
             particle(ipart)%payload(1:npayload),mype,unitparticles)
 
        close(unitparticles)
      end if
    end do
 
  end subroutine output_individual
 
  subroutine output_particle(myparticle,payload,ipe,file_unit)
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
 
    type(particle_t),intent(in)  :: myparticle
    double precision, intent(in) :: payload(npayload)
    integer, intent(in)          :: ipe
    integer, intent(in)          :: file_unit
    double precision             :: x(3), u(3)
    integer                      :: icomp
 
    ! convert and normalize the position
    if (nocartesian) then
      select case(coordinate)
        case(cartesian,cartesian_stretched)
          x = myparticle%x*length_convert_factor
        case(cylindrical)
          x(r_)   = myparticle%x(r_)*length_convert_factor
          x(z_)   = myparticle%x(z_)*length_convert_factor
          x(phi_) = myparticle%x(phi_)
        case(spherical)
          x(:) = myparticle%x(:)
          x(1) = x(1)*length_convert_factor
      end select
    else
      call partcoord_to_cartesian(myparticle%x,x)
      x(:) = x(:)*length_convert_factor
    end if
 
    u = myparticle%u(1:3) * integrator_velocity_factor
 
    write(file_unit, csv_format) myparticle%time, myparticle%dt, x(1:3), &
         u, payload(1:npayload), ipe, it_particles, &
         myparticle%index
 
  end subroutine output_particle
 
  !> Convert position to Cartesian coordinates
  subroutine partcoord_to_cartesian(xp,xpcart)
    ! conversion of particle coordinate from cylindrical/spherical to cartesian coordinates done here
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
 
    double precision, intent(in)  :: xp(1:3)
    double precision, intent(out) :: xpcart(1:3)
 
    select case (coordinate)
       case (cartesian,cartesian_stretched,cartesian_expansion)
         xpcart(1:3) = xp(1:3)
       case (cylindrical)
         xpcart(1) = xp(r_)*cos(xp(phi_))
         xpcart(2) = xp(r_)*sin(xp(phi_))
         xpcart(3) = xp(z_)
       case (spherical)
         xpcart(1) = xp(1)*sin(xp(2))*cos(xp(3))
         {^iftwod
         xpcart(2) = xp(1)*cos(xp(2))
         xpcart(3) = xp(1)*sin(xp(2))*sin(xp(3))}
         {^ifthreed
         xpcart(2) = xp(1)*sin(xp(2))*sin(xp(3))
         xpcart(3) = xp(1)*cos(xp(2))}
       case default
          write(*,*) "No converter for coordinate=",coordinate
       end select
 
  end subroutine partcoord_to_cartesian
 
  !> Convert to noncartesian coordinates
  subroutine partcoord_from_cartesian(xp,xpcart)
    ! conversion of particle coordinate from Cartesian to cylindrical/spherical coordinates done here
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
 
    double precision, intent(in)  :: xpcart(1:3)
    double precision, intent(out) :: xp(1:3)
    double precision :: xx, yy, zz
    double precision :: rr, tth, pphi
 
    select case (coordinate)
    case (cartesian,cartesian_stretched,cartesian_expansion)
      xp(1:3)=xpcart(1:3)
    case (cylindrical)
      xp(r_) = sqrt(xpcart(1)**2 + xpcart(2)**2)
      xp(phi_) = atan2(xpcart(2),xpcart(1))
      if (xp(phi_) .lt. 0.d0) xp(phi_) = 2.0d0*dpi + xp(phi_)
      xp(z_) = xpcart(3)
    case (spherical)
      xx = xpcart(1)
      {^iftwod
      yy = xpcart(3)
      zz = xpcart(2)}
      {^ifthreed
      yy = xpcart(2)
      zz = xpcart(3)}
      rr = sqrt(xx**2 + yy**2 + zz**2)
      tth = acos(zz/rr)
      if (yy > 0.d0) then
        pphi = acos(xx/sqrt(xx**2+yy**2))
      else
        pphi = 2.d0*dpi - acos(xx/sqrt(xx**2+yy**2))
      endif
      xp(1:3) = (/ rr, tth, pphi /)
    case default
      write(*,*) "No converter for coordinate=",coordinate
    end select
 
  end subroutine partcoord_from_cartesian
 
  !> Convert vector to Cartesian coordinates
  subroutine partvec_to_cartesian(xp,up,upcart)
    ! conversion of a generic vector from cylindrical/spherical to cartesian coordinates done here
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
 
    double precision, intent(in)  :: xp(1:3),up(1:3)
    double precision, intent(out) :: upcart(1:3)
 
    select case (coordinate)
    case (cartesian,cartesian_stretched,cartesian_expansion)
      upcart(1:3)=up(1:3)
    case (cylindrical)
      upcart(1) = cos(xp(phi_)) * up(r_) - sin(xp(phi_)) * up(phi_)
      upcart(2) = cos(xp(phi_)) * up(phi_) + sin(xp(phi_)) * up(r_)
      upcart(3) = up(z_)
    case (spherical)
      upcart(1) = up(1)*sin(xp(2))*cos(xp(3)) + up(2)*cos(xp(2))*cos(xp(3)) - up(3)*sin(xp(3)) 
      {^iftwod
      upcart(2) = up(1)*cos(xp(2)) - up(2)*sin(xp(2))
      upcart(3) = up(1)*sin(xp(2))*sin(xp(3)) + up(2)*cos(xp(2))*sin(xp(3)) + up(3)*cos(xp(3))}
      {^ifthreed
      upcart(2) = up(1)*sin(xp(2))*sin(xp(3)) + up(2)*cos(xp(2))*sin(xp(3)) + up(3)*cos(xp(3))
      upcart(3) = up(1)*cos(xp(2)) - up(2)*sin(xp(2))}
    case default
      write(*,*) "No converter for coordinate=",coordinate
    end select
 
  end subroutine partvec_to_cartesian
 
  !> Convert vector from Cartesian coordinates
  subroutine partvec_from_cartesian(xp,up,upcart)
    ! conversion of a generic vector to cylindrical/spherical from cartesian coordinates done here
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
 
    double precision, intent(in)  :: xp(1:3),upcart(1:3)
    double precision, intent(out) :: up(1:3)
 
    select case (coordinate)
    case (cartesian,cartesian_stretched)
      up(1:3) = upcart(1:3)
    case (cylindrical)
      up(r_) = cos(xp(phi_)) * upcart(1) + sin(xp(phi_)) * upcart(2)
      up(phi_) = -sin(xp(phi_)) * upcart(1) + cos(xp(phi_)) * upcart(2)
      up(z_) = upcart(3)
    case (spherical)
      {^iftwod
      up(1) = upcart(1)*sin(xp(2))*cos(xp(3)) + upcart(3)*sin(xp(2))*sin(xp(3)) + upcart(2)*cos(xp(2)) 
      up(2) = upcart(1)*cos(xp(2))*cos(xp(3)) + upcart(3)*cos(xp(2))*sin(xp(3)) - upcart(2)*sin(xp(2))
      up(3) = -upcart(1)*sin(xp(3)) + upcart(3)*cos(xp(3))}
      {^ifthreed
      up(1) = upcart(1)*sin(xp(2))*cos(xp(3)) + upcart(2)*sin(xp(2))*sin(xp(3)) + upcart(3)*cos(xp(2)) 
      up(2) = upcart(1)*cos(xp(2))*cos(xp(3)) + upcart(2)*cos(xp(2))*sin(xp(3)) - upcart(3)*sin(xp(2))
      up(3) = -upcart(1)*sin(xp(3)) + upcart(2)*cos(xp(3))}
    case default
      write(*,*) "No converter for coordinate=",coordinate
    end select
 
  end subroutine partvec_from_cartesian
 
  !> Fix particle position when crossing the 0,2pi boundary in noncartesian coordinates
  subroutine fix_phi_crossing(xp,igrid)
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
 
    integer, intent(in)             :: igrid
    double precision, intent(inout) :: xp(1:3)
    double precision                :: xpmod(1:3)
    integer :: phiind
 
    select case (coordinate)
    case (cartesian,cartesian_stretched,cartesian_expansion)
      ! Do nothing
      return
    case (cylindrical)
      phiind = phi_
    case (spherical)
      phiind = 3
    end select
 
    xpmod = xp
 
    ! Fix phi-boundary crossing
    ! Case 1: particle has crossed from ~2pi to ~0
    xpmod(phiind) = xp(phiind) + 2.d0*dpi
    if ((.not. point_in_igrid_ghostc(xp,igrid,0)) &
        .and. (point_in_igrid_ghostc(xpmod,igrid,0))) then
      xp(phiind) = xpmod(phiind)
      return
    end if
    ! Case 2: particle has crossed from ~0 to ~2pi
    xpmod(phiind) = xp(phiind) - 2.d0*dpi
    if ((.not. point_in_igrid_ghostc(xp,igrid,0)) &
        .and. (point_in_igrid_ghostc(xpmod,igrid,0))) then 
      xp(phiind) = xpmod(phiind)
      return
    end if
      
  end subroutine fix_phi_crossing
 
  !> Quick check if particle coordinate is inside igrid
  !> (ghost cells included, except the last ngh)
  logical function point_in_igrid_ghostc(x, igrid, ngh)
    use mod_global_parameters
    use mod_geometry
    integer, intent(in) :: igrid, ngh
    double precision, intent(in) :: x(ndim)
    double precision    :: grid_rmin(ndim), grid_rmax(ndim)
 
    ! TODO: this does not work with stretched coordinates!
    ! TODO: but phi should not be stretched in principle...
    grid_rmin      = [ {rnode(rpxmin^d_,igrid)-rnode(rpdx^d_,igrid)*(dble(nghostcells-ngh)-0.5d0)} ]
    grid_rmax      = [ {rnode(rpxmax^d_,igrid)+rnode(rpdx^d_,igrid)*(dble(nghostcells-ngh)-0.5d0)} ]
    point_in_igrid_ghostc = all(x >= grid_rmin) .and. all(x < grid_rmax)
  end function point_in_igrid_ghostc
 
  subroutine comm_particles()
 
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer                         :: ipart, iipart, igrid_particle, ipe_particle, ipe, iipe
    integer                         :: index
    integer                         :: tag_send, tag_receive, send_buff, rcv_buff
    integer                         :: status(MPI_STATUS_SIZE)
    integer, dimension(0:npe-1)     :: send_n_particles_to_ipe
    integer, dimension(0:npe-1)    :: receive_n_particles_from_ipe
    type(particle_t), allocatable, dimension(:,:)  :: send_particles
    type(particle_t), allocatable, dimension(:,:)  :: receive_particles
    double precision, allocatable, dimension(:,:,:)  :: send_payload
    double precision, allocatable, dimension(:,:,:)  :: receive_payload
    integer, allocatable, dimension(:,:)      :: particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe
    integer, dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi) :: particle_index_to_be_destroyed
    integer                                   :: destroy_n_particles_mype
    integer, allocatable, dimension(:)        :: sndrqst, rcvrqst
    integer, allocatable, dimension(:)        :: sndrqst_payload, rcvrqst_payload
    integer                                   :: isnd, ircv
    integer, parameter                        :: maxneighbors=56 ! maximum case: coarse-fine in 3D
    logical                                   :: BC_applied
    !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
    send_n_particles_to_ipe(:)      = 0
    receive_n_particles_from_ipe(:) = 0
    destroy_n_particles_mype        = 0
 
    allocate( particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(nparticles_per_cpu_hi,0:npe-1) )
    allocate( sndrqst(1:npe-1), rcvrqst(1:npe-1) )
    allocate( sndrqst_payload(1:npe-1), rcvrqst_payload(1:npe-1) )
    sndrqst = mpi_request_null; rcvrqst = mpi_request_null;
    sndrqst_payload = mpi_request_null; rcvrqst_payload = mpi_request_null;
 
    ! check if and where to send each particle, destroy if necessary
    !    !$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE(ipart)
    do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype;ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
 
       ! first check if the particle should be destroyed (user defined criterion)
       if (associated(usr_destroy_particle)) then
         if (usr_destroy_particle(particle(ipart))) then
           !          !$OMP CRITICAL(destroy)
           destroy_n_particles_mype  = destroy_n_particles_mype + 1
           particle_index_to_be_destroyed(destroy_n_particles_mype) = ipart
           !          !$OMP END CRITICAL(destroy)
           cycle   
         end if
       end if
 
       ! is my particle still in the same igrid?
       if (.not.particle_in_igrid(ipart,particle(ipart)%igrid)) then
          call find_particle_ipe(particle(ipart)%self%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
 
          ! destroy particle if out of domain (signalled by return value of -1)
          if (igrid_particle == -1 )then 
             call apply_periodb(particle(ipart)%self,igrid_particle,ipe_particle,bc_applied)
             if (.not. bc_applied .or. igrid_particle == -1) then
                !                !$OMP CRITICAL(destroy2)
                destroy_n_particles_mype  = destroy_n_particles_mype + 1
                particle_index_to_be_destroyed(destroy_n_particles_mype) = ipart
                !                !$OMP END CRITICAL(destroy2)
                cycle
             end if
          end if
 
          ! particle still present
          particle(ipart)%igrid = igrid_particle
          particle(ipart)%ipe = ipe_particle
 
          ! if we have more than one core, is it on another cpu?
          if (npe .gt. 1 .and. particle(ipart)%ipe .ne. mype) then
             !             !$OMP CRITICAL(send)
             send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) = &
                  send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) + 1
             if (send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) .gt. nparticles_per_cpu_hi) &
               call mpistop('too many particles, increase nparticles_per_cpu_hi')
             particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle),ipe_particle) = ipart
             !             !$OMP END CRITICAL(send)
          end if ! ipe_particle
 
       end if ! particle_in_grid
 
    end do ! ipart
    !    !$OMP END PARALLEL DO
 
    call destroy_particles(destroy_n_particles_mype,particle_index_to_be_destroyed(1:destroy_n_particles_mype))
 
    ! get out when only one core:
    if (npe == 1) return
 
    ! communicate amount of particles to be sent/received
    isnd = 0; ircv = 0;
    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
       tag_send    = mype * npe + ipe
       tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype
       isnd = isnd + 1; ircv = ircv + 1
       call mpi_isend(send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),1,mpi_integer,ipe,tag_send,icomm,sndrqst(isnd),ierrmpi)
       call mpi_irecv(receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),1,mpi_integer,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,rcvrqst(ircv),ierrmpi)
    end do
 
    call mpi_waitall(isnd,sndrqst,mpi_statuses_ignore,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_waitall(ircv,rcvrqst,mpi_statuses_ignore,ierrmpi)
    sndrqst = mpi_request_null; rcvrqst = mpi_request_null;
 
    ! allocate the send and receive buffers,
    ! If this is still not good enough, consider optimizing using lists of lists:
    allocate(send_particles(maxval(send_n_particles_to_ipe),1:min(maxneighbors,npe-1)))
    allocate(receive_particles(maxval(receive_n_particles_from_ipe),1:min(maxneighbors,npe-1)))
    allocate(send_payload(npayload,maxval(send_n_particles_to_ipe),1:min(maxneighbors,npe-1)))
    allocate(receive_payload(npayload,maxval(receive_n_particles_from_ipe),1:min(maxneighbors,npe-1)))
 
    isnd = 0; ircv = 0;
    ! send and receive the data of the particles
    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
       tag_send    = mype * npe + ipe
       tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype
 
       ! should i send some particles to ipe?
       if (send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
 
          ! create the send buffer
          do ipart = 1, send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)
             send_particles(ipart,iipe) = particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%self
             send_payload(1:npayload,ipart,iipe) = particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%payload(1:npayload)
          end do ! ipart
          isnd = isnd + 1
          call mpi_isend(send_particles(:,iipe),send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),type_particle,ipe,tag_send,icomm,sndrqst(isnd),ierrmpi)
          call mpi_isend(send_payload(:,:,iipe),npayload*send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),mpi_double_precision,ipe,tag_send,icomm,sndrqst_payload(isnd),ierrmpi)
 
       end if ! send .gt. 0
 
       ! should i receive some particles from ipe?
       if (receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
 
          ircv = ircv + 1
          call mpi_irecv(receive_particles(:,iipe),receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),type_particle,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,rcvrqst(ircv),ierrmpi)
          call mpi_irecv(receive_payload(:,:,iipe),npayload*receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),mpi_double_precision,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,rcvrqst_payload(ircv),ierrmpi)
 
       end if ! receive .gt. 0
    end do ! ipe
 
    call mpi_waitall(isnd,sndrqst,mpi_statuses_ignore,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_waitall(ircv,rcvrqst,mpi_statuses_ignore,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_waitall(isnd,sndrqst_payload,mpi_statuses_ignore,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_waitall(ircv,rcvrqst_payload,mpi_statuses_ignore,ierrmpi)
 
    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
       do ipart = 1, send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)
          deallocate(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%self)
          deallocate(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%payload)
          call pull_particle_from_particles_on_mype(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))
       end do ! ipart
    end do
 
    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
       if (receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
          do ipart = 1, receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe)
 
             index = receive_particles(ipart,iipe)%index
             call push_particle_into_particles_on_mype(index)
             !if (.not. allocated(particle(index)%self)) &
               allocate(particle(index)%self)
             particle(index)%self = receive_particles(ipart,iipe)
             !if (.not. allocated(particle(index)%payload)) &
               allocate(particle(index)%payload(npayload))
             particle(index)%payload(1:npayload) = receive_payload(1:npayload,ipart,iipe)
 
             ! since we don't send the igrid, need to re-locate it
             call find_particle_ipe(particle(index)%self%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
             particle(index)%igrid = igrid_particle
             particle(index)%ipe = ipe_particle
 
          end do ! ipart
 
       end if ! receive .gt. 0
    end do ! ipe
 
  end subroutine comm_particles
  !=============================================================================
  subroutine comm_particles_global()
 
    ! does not destroy particles like comm_particles
 
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer                         :: ipart, iipart, igrid_particle, ipe_particle, ipe, iipe
    integer                         :: index
    integer                         :: tag_send, tag_receive, send_buff, rcv_buff
    integer                         :: status(MPI_STATUS_SIZE)
    integer, dimension(0:npe-1)     :: send_n_particles_to_ipe
    integer, dimension(0:npe-1)     :: receive_n_particles_from_ipe
!    type(particle_t), dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_particles
!    type(particle_t), dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: receive_particles
!    double precision, dimension(npayload,nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_payload
!    double precision, dimension(npayload,nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: receive_payload
    type(particle_t), allocatable, dimension(:)  :: send_particles
    type(particle_t), allocatable, dimension(:)  :: receive_particles
    double precision, allocatable, dimension(:,:)  :: send_payload
    double precision, allocatable, dimension(:,:)  :: receive_payload
    integer, allocatable, dimension(:,:)      :: particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe
    integer, allocatable, dimension(:)        :: sndrqst, rcvrqst
    integer                                   :: isnd, ircv
    logical                                   :: BC_applied
    !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    send_n_particles_to_ipe(:)      = 0
    receive_n_particles_from_ipe(:) = 0
 
    allocate( particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(nparticles_per_cpu_hi,0:npe-1) )
    allocate( sndrqst(1:npe-1), rcvrqst(1:npe-1) )
    sndrqst = mpi_request_null; rcvrqst = mpi_request_null;
 
    ! check if and where to send each particle, relocate all of them (in case grid has changed)
    !    !$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE(ipart)
    do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype;ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
 
       call find_particle_ipe(particle(ipart)%self%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
 
       particle(ipart)%igrid = igrid_particle
       particle(ipart)%ipe = ipe_particle
 
       ! if we have more than one core, is it on another cpu?
       if (particle(ipart)%ipe .ne. mype) then
          !          !$OMP CRITICAL(send)
          send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) = &
               send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) + 1
          if (send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) .gt. nparticles_per_cpu_hi) &
            call mpistop('G: too many particles increase nparticles_per_cpu_hi')
          particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle),ipe_particle) = ipart
          !          !$OMP END CRITICAL(send)
       end if ! ipe_particle
 
    end do ! ipart
    !    !$OMP END PARALLEL DO
 
    ! get out when only one core:
    if (npe == 1) then
      deallocate(sndrqst, rcvrqst)
      deallocate(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe)
      return
    end if
 
    ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
    ! communicate amount of particles to be sent/received
    ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
    ! opedit: I think this was the main bottleneck.
    ! 31.12.2017: made it nonblocking (easy, least invasive)
    ! If this continues to be problematic, better to 
    ! send particles with block in coarsen/refine/loadbalance. (best). 
 
    isnd = 0; ircv = 0;
    do ipe=0,npe-1; if (ipe .eq. mype) cycle;
 
       tag_send = mype * npe + ipe;  tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype;
       isnd = isnd + 1;  ircv = ircv + 1;
       call mpi_isend(send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),1,mpi_integer, &
            ipe,tag_send,icomm,sndrqst(isnd),ierrmpi)
       call mpi_irecv(receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),1,mpi_integer, &
            ipe,tag_receive,icomm,rcvrqst(ircv),ierrmpi)
    end do
 
    call mpi_waitall(isnd,sndrqst,mpi_statuses_ignore,ierrmpi)
    call mpi_waitall(ircv,rcvrqst,mpi_statuses_ignore,ierrmpi)
    deallocate(sndrqst, rcvrqst)
 
 
    ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
    ! send and receive the data of the particles
    ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
 
    do ipe=0,npe-1
      if (ipe .eq. mype) cycle;
      tag_send    = mype * npe + ipe
      tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype
 
      ! should i send some particles to ipe?
      if (send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
 
        ! create the send buffer
        allocate(send_particles(1:send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)))
        allocate(send_payload(1:npayload,1:send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)))
        do ipart = 1, send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)
          send_particles(ipart) = particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%self
          send_payload(1:npayload,ipart) = particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%payload(1:npayload)
        end do ! ipart
 
        call mpi_send(send_particles,send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),type_particle,ipe,tag_send,icomm,ierrmpi)
        call mpi_send(send_payload,npayload*send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),mpi_double_precision,ipe,tag_send,icomm,ierrmpi)
        do ipart = 1, send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)
          deallocate(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%self)
          deallocate(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%payload)
          call pull_particle_from_particles_on_mype(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))
        end do ! ipart
        deallocate(send_particles)
        deallocate(send_payload)
 
      end if ! send .gt. 0
 
      ! should i receive some particles from ipe?
      if (receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
        allocate(receive_particles(1:receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe)))
        allocate(receive_payload(1:npayload,1:receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe)))
 
        call mpi_recv(receive_particles,receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),type_particle,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
        call mpi_recv(receive_payload,npayload*receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),mpi_double_precision,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
        do ipart = 1, receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe)
 
          index = receive_particles(ipart)%index
          !if (.not. allocated(particle(index)%self)) & 
          allocate(particle(index)%self)
          particle(index)%self = receive_particles(ipart)
          !if (.not. allocated(particle(index)%payload)) &
          allocate(particle(index)%payload(npayload))
          particle(index)%payload(1:npayload) = receive_payload(1:npayload,ipart)
          call push_particle_into_particles_on_mype(index)
 
          ! since we don't send the igrid, need to re-locate it
          call find_particle_ipe(particle(index)%self%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
          particle(index)%igrid = igrid_particle
          particle(index)%ipe = ipe_particle
 
        end do ! ipart
        deallocate(receive_particles)
        deallocate(receive_payload)
 
      end if ! receive .gt. 0
    end do ! ipe
    deallocate(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe)
 
  end subroutine comm_particles_global
 
!  subroutine comm_particles_old()
!    use mod_global_parameters
!
!    integer                         :: ipart, iipart, igrid_particle, ipe_particle, ipe, iipe
!    integer                         :: index
!    integer                         :: tag_send, tag_receive, tag_send_p, tag_receive_p, send_buff, rcv_buff
!    integer                         :: status(MPI_STATUS_SIZE)
!    integer, dimension(0:npe-1)     :: send_n_particles_to_ipe
!    integer, dimension(0:npe-1)    :: receive_n_particles_from_ipe
!    type(particle_t), dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_particles
!    type(particle_t), dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: receive_particles
!    double precision, dimension(npayload,nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_payload
!    double precision, dimension(npayload,nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: receive_payload
!    integer, dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi,0:npe-1)  :: particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe
!    integer, dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi,0:npe-1)  :: particle_index_to_be_received_from_ipe
!    integer, dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi) :: particle_index_to_be_destroyed
!    integer                                   :: destroy_n_particles_mype
!    logical                                   :: BC_applied
!    integer, allocatable, dimension(:)        :: sndrqst, rcvrqst
!    integer                                   :: isnd, ircv
!    integer,dimension(npe_neighbors,nparticles_per_cpu_hi) :: payload_index
!    send_n_particles_to_ipe(:)      = 0
!    receive_n_particles_from_ipe(:) = 0
!    destroy_n_particles_mype        = 0
!
!    ! check if and where to send each particle, destroy if necessary
!    do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype;ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
!
!      ! first check if the particle should be destroyed because t>tmax in a fixed snapshot
!      if ( .not.time_advance .and. particle(ipart)%self%time .gt. tmax_particles ) then
!        destroy_n_particles_mype  = destroy_n_particles_mype + 1
!        particle_index_to_be_destroyed(destroy_n_particles_mype) = ipart
!        cycle
!      end if
!
!      ! Then check dostroy due to user-defined condition
!      if (associated(usr_destroy_particle)) then
!        if (usr_destroy_particle(particle(ipart))) then
!          destroy_n_particles_mype  = destroy_n_particles_mype + 1
!          particle_index_to_be_destroyed(destroy_n_particles_mype) = ipart
!          cycle
!        end if
!      end if
!
!      ! is my particle still in the same igrid?
!      if (.not.particle_in_igrid(ipart,particle(ipart)%igrid)) then
!        call find_particle_ipe(particle(ipart)%self%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
!
!        ! destroy particle if out of domain (signalled by return value of -1)
!        if (igrid_particle == -1 )then
!          call apply_periodB(particle(ipart)%self,igrid_particle,ipe_particle,BC_applied)
!          if (.not. BC_applied .or. igrid_particle == -1) then
!            destroy_n_particles_mype  = destroy_n_particles_mype + 1
!            particle_index_to_be_destroyed(destroy_n_particles_mype) = ipart
!            cycle
!          end if
!        end if
!
!        ! particle still present
!        particle(ipart)%igrid = igrid_particle
!        particle(ipart)%ipe = ipe_particle
!
!        ! if we have more than one core, is it on another cpu?
!        if (npe .gt. 1 .and. particle(ipart)%ipe .ne. mype) then
!          send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) = &
!               send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) + 1
!          particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle),ipe_particle) = ipart
!        end if ! ipe_particle
!
!      end if ! particle_in_grid
!
!    end do ! ipart
!
!    call destroy_particles(destroy_n_particles_mype,particle_index_to_be_destroyed(1:destroy_n_particles_mype))
!
!    ! get out when only one core:
!    if (npe == 1) return
!
!    ! communicate amount of particles to be sent/received
!    allocate( sndrqst(1:npe_neighbors), rcvrqst(1:npe_neighbors) )
!    sndrqst = MPI_REQUEST_NULL; rcvrqst = MPI_REQUEST_NULL;
!    isnd = 0; ircv = 0;
!    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
!      tag_send    = mype * npe + ipe
!      tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype
!      isnd = isnd + 1;  ircv = ircv + 1;
!      call MPI_ISEND(send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),1,MPI_INTEGER, &
!                     ipe,tag_send,icomm,sndrqst(isnd),ierrmpi)
!      call MPI_IRECV(receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),1,MPI_INTEGER, &
!                     ipe,tag_receive,icomm,rcvrqst(ircv),ierrmpi)
!    end do
!    call MPI_WAITALL(isnd,sndrqst,MPI_STATUSES_IGNORE,ierrmpi)
!    call MPI_WAITALL(ircv,rcvrqst,MPI_STATUSES_IGNORE,ierrmpi)
!    deallocate( sndrqst, rcvrqst )
!
!    ! Communicate index of the particles to be sent/received
!    allocate( sndrqst(1:npe_neighbors*nparticles_per_cpu_hi), rcvrqst(1:npe_neighbors*nparticles_per_cpu_hi) )
!    sndrqst = MPI_REQUEST_NULL; rcvrqst = MPI_REQUEST_NULL;
!    isnd = 0; ircv = 0;
!    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
!      if (send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe) > 0) then
!        tag_send    = mype * npe + ipe
!        isnd = isnd + 1
!        call MPI_ISEND(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(:,ipe),send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),MPI_INTEGER, &
!                       ipe,tag_send,icomm,sndrqst(isnd),ierrmpi)
!      end if
!      if (receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe) > 0) then
!        tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype
!        ircv = ircv + 1
!        call MPI_IRECV(particle_index_to_be_received_from_ipe(:,ipe),receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),MPI_INTEGER, &
!                       ipe,tag_receive,icomm,rcvrqst(ircv),ierrmpi)
!      end if
!    end do
!    call MPI_WAITALL(isnd,sndrqst,MPI_STATUSES_IGNORE,ierrmpi)
!    call MPI_WAITALL(ircv,rcvrqst,MPI_STATUSES_IGNORE,ierrmpi)
!    deallocate( sndrqst, rcvrqst )
!
!    ! Send and receive the data of the particles
!    allocate( sndrqst(1:npe_neighbors*nparticles_per_cpu_hi), rcvrqst(1:npe_neighbors*nparticles_per_cpu_hi) )
!    sndrqst = MPI_REQUEST_NULL; rcvrqst = MPI_REQUEST_NULL;
!    isnd = 0; ircv = 0;
!    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
!
!     ! should i send some particles to ipe?
!      if (send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
!
!        do ipart = 1, send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)
!          tag_send = mype * npe + ipe + ipart
!          isnd = isnd+1
!          call MPI_ISEND(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%self, &
!                         1,type_particle,ipe,tag_send,icomm,sndrqst(isnd),ierrmpi)
!        end do ! ipart
!      end if ! send .gt. 0
!
!      ! should i receive some particles from ipe?
!      if (receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
!
!        do ipart = 1, receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe)
!          tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype + ipart
!          ircv = ircv+1
!          index = particle_index_to_be_received_from_ipe(ipart,ipe)
!          allocate(particle(index)%self)
!          call MPI_IRECV(particle(index)%self,1,type_particle,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,rcvrqst(ircv),ierrmpi)
!        end do ! ipart
!
!      end if ! receive .gt. 0
!    end do ! ipe
!    call MPI_WAITALL(isnd,sndrqst,MPI_STATUSES_IGNORE,ierrmpi)
!    call MPI_WAITALL(ircv,rcvrqst,MPI_STATUSES_IGNORE,ierrmpi)
!    deallocate( sndrqst, rcvrqst )
!
!    ! Send and receive the payloads
!    ! NON-BLOCKING: one communication for each particle. Needed for whatever reason
!    allocate( sndrqst(1:npe_neighbors*nparticles_per_cpu_hi), rcvrqst(1:npe_neighbors*nparticles_per_cpu_hi) )
!    sndrqst = MPI_REQUEST_NULL; rcvrqst = MPI_REQUEST_NULL;
!    isnd = 0; ircv = 0;
!    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
!
!      ! should i send some particles to ipe?
!      if (send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
!
!        do ipart = 1, send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)
!          tag_send    = mype * npe + ipe + ipart
!          isnd = isnd+1
!          call MPI_ISEND(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%payload(1:npayload), &
!                         npayload,MPI_DOUBLE_PRECISION,ipe,tag_send,icomm,sndrqst(isnd),ierrmpi)
!        end do ! ipart
!      end if ! send .gt. 0
!
!      ! should i receive some particles from ipe?
!      if (receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
!        do ipart = 1, receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe)
!          tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype + ipart
!          ircv = ircv+1
!          index = particle_index_to_be_received_from_ipe(ipart,ipe)
!          allocate(particle(index)%payload(npayload))
!          call MPI_IRECV(particle(index)%payload(1:npayload),npayload, &
!                         MPI_DOUBLE_PRECISION,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,rcvrqst(ircv),ierrmpi)
!        end do ! ipart
!      end if ! receive .gt. 0
!    end do ! ipe
!    call MPI_WAITALL(isnd,sndrqst,MPI_STATUSES_IGNORE,ierrmpi)
!    call MPI_WAITALL(ircv,rcvrqst,MPI_STATUSES_IGNORE,ierrmpi)
!    deallocate( sndrqst, rcvrqst )
!
!    ! Deeallocate sent particles
!    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
!      if (send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
!        do ipart = 1, send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)
!          deallocate(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%self)
!          deallocate(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%payload)
!          call pull_particle_from_particles_on_mype(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))
!        end do ! ipart
!      end if ! send .gt. 0
!    end do
!
!    ! Relocate received particles
!    do iipe=1,npe_neighbors;ipe=ipe_neighbor(iipe);
!      if (receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
!        do ipart = 1, receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe)
!          index = particle_index_to_be_received_from_ipe(ipart,ipe)
!          call push_particle_into_particles_on_mype(index)
!          ! since we don't send the igrid, need to re-locate it
!          call find_particle_ipe(particle(index)%self%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
!          particle(index)%igrid = igrid_particle
!          particle(index)%ipe = ipe_particle
!        end do ! ipart
!      end if ! receive .gt. 0
!    end do ! ipe
!
!  end subroutine comm_particles_old
!
!  subroutine comm_particles_global_old()
!    use mod_global_parameters
!
!    integer                         :: ipart, iipart, igrid_particle, ipe_particle, ipe, iipe
!    integer                         :: index
!    integer                         :: tag_send, tag_receive, send_buff, rcv_buff
!    integer                         :: status(MPI_STATUS_SIZE)
!    integer, dimension(0:npe-1)     :: send_n_particles_to_ipe
!    integer, dimension(0:npe-1)    :: receive_n_particles_from_ipe
!    type(particle_t), dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_particles
!    type(particle_t), dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: receive_particles
!    double precision, dimension(npayload,nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: send_payload
!    double precision, dimension(npayload,nparticles_per_cpu_hi)  :: receive_payload
!    integer, dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi,0:npe-1)  :: particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe
!    integer, dimension(nparticles_per_cpu_hi) :: particle_index_to_be_destroyed
!    integer                                   :: destroy_n_particles_mype
!    logical                                   :: BC_applied
!
!    send_n_particles_to_ipe(:)      = 0
!    receive_n_particles_from_ipe(:) = 0
!    destroy_n_particles_mype        = 0
!
!    ! check if and where to send each particle, relocate all of them (in case grid has changed)
!    do iipart=1,nparticles_on_mype;ipart=particles_on_mype(iipart);
!
!      call find_particle_ipe(particle(ipart)%self%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
!
!      particle(ipart)%igrid = igrid_particle
!      particle(ipart)%ipe = ipe_particle
!
!      ! if we have more than one core, is it on another cpu?
!      if (particle(ipart)%ipe .ne. mype) then
!        send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) = &
!             send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle) + 1
!        particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe_particle),ipe_particle) = ipart
!      end if ! ipe_particle
!
!    end do ! ipart
!
!    ! get out when only one core:
!    if (npe == 1) return
!
!    ! communicate amount of particles to be sent/received
!    do ipe=0,npe-1;if (ipe .eq. mype) cycle;
!      tag_send    = mype * npe + ipe
!      tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype
!      call MPI_SEND(send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),1,MPI_INTEGER,ipe,tag_send,icomm,ierrmpi)
!      call MPI_RECV(receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),1,MPI_INTEGER,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
!    end do
!
!    ! send and receive the data of the particles
!    do ipe=0,npe-1;if (ipe .eq. mype) cycle;
!      tag_send    = mype * npe + ipe
!      tag_receive = ipe * npe + mype
!
!      ! should i send some particles to ipe?
!      if (send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
!
!        ! create the send buffer
!        do ipart = 1, send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)
!          send_particles(ipart) = particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%self
!          send_payload(1:npayload,ipart) = particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%payload(1:npayload)
!        end do ! ipart
!        call MPI_SEND(send_particles,send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),type_particle,ipe,tag_send,icomm,ierrmpi)
!        call MPI_SEND(send_payload,npayload*send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe),MPI_DOUBLE_PRECISION,ipe,tag_send,icomm,ierrmpi)
!        do ipart = 1, send_n_particles_to_ipe(ipe)
!          deallocate(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%self)
!          deallocate(particle(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))%payload)
!          call pull_particle_from_particles_on_mype(particle_index_to_be_sent_to_ipe(ipart,ipe))
!        end do ! ipart
!
!      end if ! send .gt. 0
!
!      ! should i receive some particles from ipe?
!      if (receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe) .gt. 0) then
!
!        call MPI_RECV(receive_particles,receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),type_particle,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
!        call MPI_RECV(receive_payload,npayload*receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe),MPI_DOUBLE_PRECISION,ipe,tag_receive,icomm,status,ierrmpi)
!
!        do ipart = 1, receive_n_particles_from_ipe(ipe)
!
!          index = receive_particles(ipart)%index
!          allocate(particle(index)%self)
!          particle(index)%self = receive_particles(ipart)
!          allocate(particle(index)%payload(npayload))
!          particle(index)%payload(1:npayload) = receive_payload(1:npayload,ipart)
!          call push_particle_into_particles_on_mype(index)
!
!          ! since we don't send the igrid, need to re-locate it
!          call find_particle_ipe(particle(index)%self%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
!          particle(index)%igrid = igrid_particle
!          particle(index)%ipe = ipe_particle
!
!        end do ! ipart
!
!      end if ! receive .gt. 0
!    end do ! ipe
!
!  end subroutine comm_particles_global_old
 
  subroutine apply_periodb(particle,igrid_particle,ipe_particle,BC_applied)
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    type(particle_t), intent(inout)        :: particle
    integer, intent(inout)                    :: igrid_particle, ipe_particle
    logical,intent(out)                       :: BC_applied
    integer                                   :: idim
 
    bc_applied = .false.
    ! get out if we don't have any periodic BC:
    if (.not. any(periodb(1:ndim))) return
 
    ! go through dimensions and try re-inject the particle at the other side
    do idim=1,ndim
 
      if (.not. periodb(idim)) cycle
 
      select case(idim)
        {case (^d)
        if (particle%x(^d) .lt. xprobmin^d) then
          particle%x(^d) = particle%x(^d) + (xprobmax^d - xprobmin^d)
          bc_applied = .true.
        end if
        if (particle%x(^d) .ge. xprobmax^d) then
          particle%x(^d) = particle%x(^d) - (xprobmax^d - xprobmin^d)
          bc_applied = .true.
        end if
        \}
      end select
 
    end do
 
    call find_particle_ipe(particle%x,igrid_particle,ipe_particle)
 
  end subroutine apply_periodb
 
  !> clean up destroyed particles on all cores
  subroutine destroy_particles(destroy_n_particles_mype,particle_index_to_be_destroyed)
    use mod_global_parameters
 
    integer, intent(in)                                   :: destroy_n_particles_mype
    integer, dimension(1:destroy_n_particles_mype), intent(in) :: particle_index_to_be_destroyed
    type(particle_t), dimension(destroy_n_particles_mype):: destroy_particles_mype
    double precision, dimension(npayload,destroy_n_particles_mype):: destroy_payload_mype
    integer                                               :: iipart,ipart,destroy_n_particles
 
    destroy_n_particles             = 0
 
    ! append the particle to list of destroyed particles
    do iipart=1,destroy_n_particles_mype;ipart=particle_index_to_be_destroyed(iipart);
      destroy_particles_mype(iipart) = particle(ipart)%self
      destroy_payload_mype(1:npayload,iipart) = particle(ipart)%payload(1:npayload)
    end do
 
    call output_ensemble(destroy_n_particles_mype,destroy_particles_mype,destroy_payload_mype,'destroy')
 
    if (npe > 1) then
      call mpi_allreduce(destroy_n_particles_mype,destroy_n_particles,1,mpi_integer,mpi_sum,icomm,ierrmpi)
    else
      destroy_n_particles = destroy_n_particles_mype
    end if
 
    nparticles = nparticles - destroy_n_particles
 
    do iipart=1,destroy_n_particles_mype;ipart=particle_index_to_be_destroyed(iipart);
      particle(ipart)%igrid = -1
      particle(ipart)%ipe   = -1
      if(time_advance) then
        write(*,*) particle(ipart)%self%time, ': particle',ipart,' has left at it ',it_particles,' on pe', mype
        write(*,*) particle(ipart)%self%time, ': particles remaining:',nparticles, '(total)', nparticles_on_mype-1, 'on pe', mype
      endif
      deallocate(particle(ipart)%self)
      deallocate(particle(ipart)%payload)
      call pull_particle_from_particles_on_mype(ipart)
    end do
 
  end subroutine destroy_particles
 
  subroutine push_particle_into_particles_on_mype(ipart)
    implicit none
 
    integer, intent(in)            :: ipart
 
    nparticles_on_mype = nparticles_on_mype + 1
    particles_on_mype(nparticles_on_mype) = ipart
 
  end subroutine push_particle_into_particles_on_mype
 
  subroutine pull_particle_from_particles_on_mype(ipart)
    implicit none
 
    integer, intent(in)            :: ipart
    integer                        :: i
 
    do i=1,nparticles_on_mype
      if (particles_on_mype(i) == ipart) then
        particles_on_mype(i) = particles_on_mype(nparticles_on_mype)
        exit
      end if
    end do
 
    nparticles_on_mype = nparticles_on_mype - 1
 
  end subroutine pull_particle_from_particles_on_mype
 
end module mod_particle_base